Agroecological plasticity of winter crop varieties of domestic and foreign selection and their response to biotic and abiotic growing conditions

The studies were carried out in the period from 2014 to 2019 in order to study the agroecological plasticity, productivity and grain quality of winter crop varieties of domestic and foreign selection, their response to biotic (sowing time, seeding rate, fertilization, etc.) and abiotic (climatic, soil conditions, photosynthesis processes) growing conditions and their suitability for food, technological and forage purposes. Intensive varieties and hybrids of winter rye and winter triticale varieties are ecologically plastic and can form on soddy-podzolic soils of the Central region of Russia when sown in the first decade of September, with fractional application of nitrogen fertilizers according to the scheme: N30 (autumn) + N40-60 + N30- 40 (outlet into the tube) kg / ha of a.v.-va against the background of P120K120 kg / ha a.i.-va. grain yield from 5.16 t / ha (Vesnyanka grade) to 7.38 t / ha (Agro grade) with grain quality, for baking, technological (alcohol) and fodder purposes. Abiotic (weather) conditions have a significant impact on the formation of productivity of varieties and hybrids of winter crops during the growing season (seedlings, overwintering, regrowth, spring-summer survival). Variation (V, %) for winter rye varieties is 22.8%; hybrids - 31.2%; triticale varieties - 26.3%. The highest grain yield of winter rye varieties is formed taking into the account the variety of its productive stalk, grain weight per ear, the level of agricultural technology and soil and climatic conditions, at a seeding rate of 5.0-5.5 million pieces. germinating seeds; in winter rye hybrids - 2.0-2.5 million pieces / ha. On seed crops, the seeding rate should be reduced by 0.5-1.0 million pieces / ha.