Survey of international approaches to ensuring radiation safety of the public and environment during remediation of radioactively contaminated sites of former nuclear fuel cycle facilities

Authors review principles of classification of nuclear facilities retired from operation and radioactively contaminated territories by a degree of their potential danger to the public and environment, as well as challenges related to safe decommissioning of the facilities and remediation of radioactively contaminated sites. Classification of the sites according to their potential danger is a major step in making decision on expediency of remedial measures. Problems of public and environmental radiation protection in various scenarios of existing exposure to radiation in the vicinity of former nuclear and industrial sites are considered. Authors review regulatory documents of the International Commission on Radiological Protection determining approaches to ensuring public safety during remediation of radioactively contaminated sites. It is stressed that development of criteria for public safety during remediation of former nuclear facilities and industrial sites is very important. Authors review changes in international approaches to environmental protection and management. Authors conclude that it is essential to use ecocentric approaches to ensure radiation safety of a human and environment.