Genomics, molecular markers, and resistance to phytopathogens: modern approaches in the selection of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Modern advances in molecular biology and genomics have significantly expanded the possibilities of plant breeding, including members of the Capsicum genus. This article presents data on the use of microsatellite (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for assessing hybridity and disease resistance, as well as approaches to genome and transcriptome analysis using next-generation sequencing methods. Special attention is given to bacterial spot disease as one of the major phytopathological problems in pepper cultivation, and the genetic mechanisms of resistance to Xanthomonas pathogens. The article highlights the results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the creation of haplotype maps, and the application of bioinformatics tools in analyzing genetic diversity. This review summarizes current research and emphasizes the importance of molecular methods in accelerating the breeding process and developing resistant varieties of sweet pepper. The knowledge gained may serve as the basis for the development of effective breeding strategies to address current biotic challenges.