Genomic selection as a basis of breeding (review)

The principles of genomic breeding value prediction are based on the employ of linear models according to world standards and commonly accepted algorithms were presented in this review. The basic soft-ware tools for carrying out genetic calculations are displayed. The principles of breeding programs in relation to world practice are considered and the functional scheme of genomic selection based on the analy-sis of the phenotypes of previous generations of animals were presented. The BLUP algorithm is presented as a way to organize and harmonize data, as well as a way to separate the effects of the working environment and the genotypic component of breeding value. The significance of animal selection and assessment of their heritability by REML was considered. To predict the breeding value of animals, the method of genetic estimating should be close in its results to assessing the EBV of animals according to their own productivity and the progeny productivity. The genomic evaluation algorithm is built on BLUP algorythm and aims to calculate the values of the breeding (genetic) value, taking into account the trans-mission of genetic traits by inheritance. The genomic evaluation method is impossible without phenotype estimate. The generation of a mathematical environment for genomic estimation takes into account the utilization of genotyping data for breeding animals by SNP (genetic chips of Illumina and Affimetrix, USA) and the enjoy of data from genetic markers for young animals. The genomic selection is directly based on BLUP and the use of genetic chips is required only for evaluating young animals immediately after their birth or theoretical born animals in mathematical modeling. For mature sires, the evaluation of the genetic breeding value and index calculations is carried out according to the classical canons according to their own productivity or the progeny productivity, which are reevaluated annually using BLUP regression analysis.