Ecological and social effectiveness of reclamation of disrupted land on the example of the Kaluga region

The paper presents projects of natural restoration activities for disturbed lands in the Kaluga region; it discusses four main areas of reclamation applicable in the Kaluga region: agricultural, forestry, water management, and recreational. The choice of a specific reclamation method depends on environmental, economic, and social factors. Agricultural reclamation is primarily used in areas previously occupied by mining operations. A comprehensive set of agricultural measures is necessary to achieve successful results. Forestry reclamation is employed on disturbed lands to enhance biodiversity. Water management reclamation includes the cleaning of water bodies, the strengthening of banks, the creation of recreation areas near the water. Recreational reclamation contributes to the improvement of the attractiveness of territories. The ecological and social efficiency of several reclamation projects is considered.