Economic theory of the development and evolution of organizational forms of business and management in the history of the second half of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern history

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the historical development of organizational forms and corporations in the context of economic theory. Special attention is paid to the origin of these phenomena in the 12th-13th centuries, when commercial activity and trade were actively developing in northern Italy, Southern Germany and the Baltic Coast city-states. The key role in this process was played by Italian bankers, in particular, the De’ Medici family, which contributed to the formation of early forms of banking and the development of new organizational structures that formed the basis of modern corporations. The authors of the article also explore the activities of the Moscow Company, founded in 1553, as an important element in the development of trade relations between England and the Russian state. The privileges established as a result of its operation for English merchants facilitated the exchange of goods, including textiles and furs. The following discusses aspects of corporate registration in France and Germany, highlighting differences in procedures and requirements. In conclusion, the paper highlights the importance of organizational forms for economic development and their impact on the formation of modern business. The authors point to large-scale changes in the management and organization of trade operations, as well as the reflection of these changes in the context of economic systems of different countries.