Evolution of technological approaches in solving the problem of municipal solid waste

The article substantiates methods of efficient use, recycling and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW), shows the ecological and economic assessment of the effectiveness of their utilization, and gives a brief analysis of the evolution of technological approaches in engaging in the processing and recycling of solid waste. The definition of solid waste is given, the information about their morphological composition is presented, and the problem of municipal solid waste and ways to solve it in the world are highlighted. Ecological and economic disadvantages of landfill depositing are disclosed, the "incinerator" and "compost" concepts to solve this problem are disproved, the role of waste sorting before it involvement in the recycling and disposal is underlined, and the value of a hierarchical sequence of waste management is emphasized. The world achievements in the field of solid waste management are considered. The modern model of solid waste management in the world is formulated. It means the reducing the number to be dumped and waste incineration due to their primary use as secondary material resources. Russia and Romania are the most backward countries in the field of solid waste management (98% of municipal solid waste is dumped). The best indicators have the Netherlands (only 2% of municipal solid waste is dumped). The article summarizes the experience of technological solutions of the problem of municipal solid waste; and also highlighted that today there is no universal method of recycling that meets the latest environmental and economic requirements. As world practice shows, integrated approach to the management of solid waste as the process technology mostly satisfies these requirements. It includes a system combination of methods of sorting, recycling and processing of solid waste (combinational technological solutions). The authors noted that the concept of integrated management of municipal solid waste had been formulated in the early 80-ies in the USSR. In addition, authors give the substantiation of application of combination the technological solutions.