Clusters as drivers of innovative development: essence, classification, factors and role in the Russian economy

The article is devoted to the theoretical and methodological understanding of the phenomenon of a cluster as a form of spatial and economic organization. A retrospective analysis of approaches to the definition and classification of clusters is presented, and the main principles of their typology are revealed, taking into account the sectoral, territorial, institutional, and innovative specifics. The article highlights the key factors that determine the formation and functioning of cluster structures in the modern economy. Special attention is paid to analyzing the impact of clustering on the intensification of innovation activities, increasing the competitiveness of regional economies, and stimulating sustainable economic growth in the Russian Federation. The article substantiates the role of the cluster approach as an effective tool for structural modernization and economic development.