Methodological principles of the definition of reason, “natural” and “artificial intelligence” in the context of the historical and logical basis of philosophical reflection

The article by R.R. Vorobyev examines the methodological principles for defining reason, natural and artificial intelligence in the context of the historical-logical foundation of philosophical reflection. The author traces the evolution of the concept of "reason" from Aristotle's ancient views through Augustine's medieval theology and the rationalism of the Enlightenment era to contemporary neural network models and the concept of functionalism. The paper identifies four key methodological principles of rationality — autonomy, adaptability, goal-setting, and self-reflection — enabling comparative analysis of natural and artificial intelligence. A three-level model of analyzing reason is proposed: phenomenological, cognitive, and metaphysical levels. The research results can be applied to developing ethical standards in the field of AI.