Modeling the optimal distance between pipes in a solar water heating collector

This study proposes a mathematical model based on normal distribution to determine the optimal distance between pipes in a solar water heating collector. The model takes into account key system parameters such as material thermal conductivity, heat losses, and solar radiation intensity. Experimental data collected for model validation confirm its accuracy and adequacy. The main results show that the maximum efficiency (η) of the solar water heating collector is achieved at a pipe spacing of approximately 0.0469 m. The analytical method demonstrates a smooth decrease in efficiency when deviating from the optimal distance, whereas the experimental data indicate a high sensitivity of the system to changes in this parameter. Thus, the proposed model is a useful tool for designers, allowing for precise prediction of optimal system parameters and increased efficiency. Further research and experiments are planned to improve model accuracy and expand its applicability.