Large non-stationary processes on the sun: space-temporal structure and effective acceleration of particles

Data on high energetic processes are summarized. First of all, classification of flares is specified. Point of view that a CME and a flare properly are manifestation of a unified process at least for the most powerful events is founded. Then, data on acceleration of electrons (RHESSI, Mars Odyssey) and protons are analyzed. It is shown that the existence of two spikes in the hard X-rays with time delay of 10-20 min and the evolution of the spectra (i.e. their hardness) are the evidence that there are two episodes of acceleration. We carried out also an analysis of 172 proton enhancement spectra identified with the proton flux ratio withe energies greater than or equal to 10 and 100 MeV near the Earth. These spectra turn out to be practically the same as those for the most of large flares at favourable conditions for the escape from the corona and propagation particles through the interplanetary space. During some small number of events with the softer spectra, besides this basic acceleration at the explosive phase of the flare, an additional acceleration of the protons up to 10-30 MeV occurs. Presented here results allow us to suppose that during large non-stationary processes two sources of particle acceleration do exist: the first one is in the impulsive (explosive) phase, and the second one appears when post eruptive loops start to develop. The first of these sources is situated low, just above the chromosphere, while the second one is settled at coronal loop heights (around 30 000 km). These results for the basic acceleration demonstrate on comparatively fast simultaneous acceleration of electrons and protons with capture of some number of particles into magnetic trap.