Defensive constructions of the Markula hillfort: the dating revisited

In 2013 when performing reconnaissance works, a joint Russian and Abkhazian expedition discovered an ensemble of architectural remains represented by a temple and defensive constructions in the village of Markula in the Ochamchira District of Abkhazia near the Alakhash-abaa Tower well known in literature. The site got the name of the 'Markula hillfort'. In 2014 the towers were measured, test trenches were dug, the masonry technology was partially examined, the church and the area around it were excavated. Traditional methods as well as physical and chemical analysis of the masonry mortar and photogrammetric mapping were employed. The study of the construction and architectural distinctive features of the Alakhash-abaa Tower identified specific elements of lengthwise reinforcing strips of the construction made from wooden beams. This technology was described by Vitruvius. The analysis of the archaeological material and the technology concluded that these defensive constructions were, most likely, contemporary with the central basilica type church or had been made earlier. Constructive features of the basilica, archaeological materials and the nature of limestone mortar make it possible to consider this church as one of the earliest pieces of church architecture in Abkhazia and date it not later than the 6th century.