Characteristics of physiological and biochemical parameters of Malus domestica L. varieties by the All-Rusian Research Institure of Fruit Crop Breeding depending on ploidy level

The goal of the research was to study the characteristics of physiological and biochemical parameters of apple tree varieties by ARRIFCB depending on ploidy level. The samples taken from such varieties, as Kandil Orlovsky, Stroevskoye, Imrus, were included into the diploid group; Trainer Petrov, Patriot, Orlovsky partisan - into the group of triploid varieties; the group of tetraploid forms were: 13-6-106, 25-37-45, 30-47-88. It was shown, that with an increase in the ploidy level against of an increase of the leave blade thickness on the background in Malus domestica L. varieties, an increase in the content of green pigment and free proline was observed, and there was also an intensification of photosynthetic activity at the level of light reactions (FCA). Thus, the amount of chlorophyll in tetraploid forms exceeded the group of diploid varieties by an average of 45.5%, and in triploid varieties - by 17.4 ...23.3%. At the same time, the highest electron transfer rate in photosystems was found in the group of triploid varieties. In the triploid apple tree varieties, the PHA of isolated chloroplasts was 1.7...2.1 times higher than in diploid varieties and, on average, 1.5 times higher than tetraploid forms. Also, the increase of ploidy in genotypes was assisted to the intensification of redox reactions on the example of catalase activity and lipoperoxidation of membranes. In the triploid varieties group of apple tree, the highest content of total protein and the sum of sugars was noted at the leaves in comparison with diploid varieties and tetraploid forms. Thus, the amount of total protein was 2.2...4.0 times higher in triploid varieties than in diploid varieties, sugars were 1.9...2.6 times, while in tetraploid forms 2.0...3.3 and 1.7...1.8 times, respectively, higher than at diploids. At the same time, the highest content of free proline was noted in leaves of tetraploid forms. At the same time, the activity of SOD did not depend on the level of ploidy.