The prospects of increasing the yield of winter wheat in conditions of the Orel region

At present, the main reserve that allows to solve the problem of increasing the yield and quality of grain is the maximum use of biological factors, first of all - varieties. In the Orel region, the main areas are under such winter crop varieties as Moscovskaya 39, Moscovskaya 56, Moscovskaya 40, Nemchinovskaya 57, Ermak. These varieties can reveal their hereditary potential (7.0-11.0 t/ha) only with full provision of biotic and abiotic factors of life, and, first of all, balanced nutrition. Phosphorus performs an energy function in plants. It has been established that inadequate provision of plants with phosphorus during the first 12-15 days after the emergence of seedlings adversely impacts on the growth and development of plants throughout the vegetative period, and consequently, on crop yields, even if they were subsequently well supplied with phosphorus. The soils of the Orel region are divided into five groups. Sod-podzolic and light-grey forest soils are characterized by a low content of available compounds of labile phosphorus (P2O5). If the content of available compounds of labile phosphorus is 5.5-10 mg/100 g of soil, they are not able to satisfy the need of winter wheat in phosphorus to form the planned yield of 10.0 t/ha. At the same time, the calculated rate of phosphorus fertilizer application for the planned crop (33.3-37.8 t/ha) is unprofitable. These soils need phosphorite application, mandatory application of phosphate fertilizers during sowing. The cost-effective yield on these soils is 5.0 t/ha. According to the calculations, grey and dark grey forest soils provide a yield of 7.0 t/ha, with an obligatory system of using phosphorus fertilizers. Chernozem soils, as the most fertile, make it possible to plan yields in the range of 10.0 t/ha, but at the same time, significant expenditures on mineral fertilizers are expected. Therefore, when planning high productivity of winter wheat in the Orel region, it is required to develop adaptive technology, taking into account soil fertility.