Primary and secondary tissue hypoxia: etiology and pathogenesis, formation of adaptive reactions

One of the most important homeostasis elements of higher animals and human is the oxygen homeostasis. The essence of it is creating and maintenance of evolutionary set forth optimum level of oxygen voltage in the structures that ensure the energy release and its recycling. The oxygen homeostasis is created and maintained by the operation of organism oxygen ensuring including external respiration, blood circulation, blood, cell respiration, neurohumoral regulatory mechanisms. In this article is considered the importance of animals’ and human’s oxygen homeostasis maintenance. The consequences of the lack of biological oxidation and energy maintenance of life are mentioned in the article. The term hypoxia is defined. The possible reasons of this pathological process development are provided. The main reasons and mechanisms of emergence and development of primary, secondary and mixed forms of cell hypoxia are considered. Adaptive organism functions aimed at preventing or addressing the hypoxia are described. Special attention is given to two core parts of cell hypoxia pathogenesis: inefficiencies of cell using the oxygen because of synthesis inhibition and suppression of biological oxidation ferments activity and reduction of the oxidation conjugation level and macroenergy compound phosphorylation in respiratory chain lead to the violation of cell energy ensuring. The basic changes in blood gas structure during this pathological process are mentioned. It is said about the risk of hard extreme and terminal conditions emergence during the mixed type of cell hypoxia. Main types of compensation reactions which are emerging in organism in response to hypoxia are described. The importance of timely using medication in curing and preventing the hypoxia conditions which could weaken or address the adverse hypoxia influence on organism and prevent the development of serious complications is emphasised.