Reproductive systems of modular organisms: modus and ways of rise of reliability

Outdoor unit growth of living beings and the unity of morphogenesis processes of reproduction. Repeatedly recurring reserve of stem cells and high levels of toti-pluripotency in multicellular organisms allows modular and wide dissemination of the vegetative and asexual reproduction. Multiplicity of development is manifested in different levels of structural hierarchy. In contrast to unitary modular organisms are characterized by a variety of methods and types of reproduction and breeding, variety of life cycles, a significant frequency of occurrence of complex life cycles with alternation of generations (the forms of development). These features are due to close relationship of embryogenesis and morphogenesis, processes, growth, reproduction and regeneration, made on the basis of continuously operating meristems. The wide range of different methods and types of breeding and reproduction defines a system backup of ways to ensure the reliability of reproduction, diversity of additional redundant structures and processes. Further analysis of relevant dual diversity of the processes of reproduction in different groups of modular organisms.