The role of eco trails in developing ecotourism: from awareness to sustainable development

This paper presents a comprehensive study of ecotourism as a sustainable development concept aimed at preserving natural ecosystems while simultaneously generating socio-economic benefits. The work analyzes the evolution of the term and its key principles formulated by international organizations: responsibility, minimization of environmental damage, environmental education, and support for local communities. A comparative analysis is conducted of global experience (Australia, Canada, Sweden) and the Russian realities of ecotourism development in specially protected natural areas (SPNAs). Despite significant natural potential and a growth in visiting national park (up to 17.5 million people in 2024), Russia's share of the global market remains extremely low. Key constraining factors are identified: infrastructure deficit, legislative barriers, climatic limitations, and weak integration of environmental conservation practices. Particular attention is paid to the methodology for designing ecological trails, requirements for their safety, minimal impact on the landscape, and educational component. The positive effects of ecotourism are examined: job creation in the regions, development of local entrepreneurship, and the formation of a sustainable source of funding for nature conservation through tourism fees.The conclusion is drawn that realizing ecotourism's potential in Russia requires a systematic approach, including the adaptation of successful international models, improvement of the regulatory framework, and development of appropriate infrastructure.