Russian-German economic relations in the context of deepening political confrontation

Economic relations between the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany have been a crucial axis of trade and investment cooperation in Eurasia for decades. Germany has traditionally been Russia’s largest European economic partner, holding leading positions in trade turnover, foreign direct investment, participation in energy projects, and technology and industrial solutions transfer. However, since 2014, with the annexation of Crimea and the start of the conflict in eastern Ukraine, and especially since 2022 after the start of the special military operation, relations between Russia and the European Union, including Germany, have undergone fundamental changes. These changes have affected not only the political sphere but also significantly impacted the structure and dynamics of economic interaction. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of Russian-German economic relations in the context of the deepening political confrontation between the Russian Federation and the European Union.