Synthetic pyrethroids and natural pyrethrines - review

This work contains an analytical review of natural pyrethrines and their artificial analogues - synthetic pyrethroids. The main attention is paid to their classification, production, mechanism of action, general use, toxicity, environmental impact and directions of modern research concerning these substances. Natural pyrethrines isolated from certain plant species have long been known for their powerful insecticidal properties. The material concerns the classification of pyrethrines and pyrethroids, their structural features and their role as natural and synthetic compounds. Attention is drawn to the ongoing research on the synthesis of new pyrethroids, the reasons for choosing these new directions for possible strategies to optimize the use of already used substances. The paper describes the mechanisms by which pyrethrins and pyrethroids, acting on the nervous system of target organisms and changing its work, exhibit their insecticidal effects. In addition, the review examines various applications of these compounds - from their use in agriculture for pest control to their presence in household insecticides and potential use in health programs. The complications caused by pyrethroids noted by various studies, including their high toxicity to aquatic organisms and potential harm to mammals, are presented. Current problems of pyrethroid use, among which insect resistance is the leading one, and the solutions considered for them are one of the main topics of the review. The use of integrated approach strategies and the use of synergistic substances together with pyrethroids are noted as having great potential for agricultural activities.