Systemic Effects of Physical Inactivity on the Human Body

Physical inactivity (hypodynamia) is a significant health risk factor that exerts systemic influences on a wide range of organs and body systems. Under reduced mobility conditions, metabolic disturbances occur, muscle mass and tone diminish, microcirculation worsens, and multiple systems including musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, and digestive are negatively affected. Clinically, physical inactivity manifests as fatigue, weakness, metabolic dysfunction, and increased risk of chronic diseases. This review discusses the mechanisms of hypodynamia influence, its forms, stages, symptoms, consequences, and preventive strategies through physical activity and lifestyle adaptation.