Modern methods of the bone tissue defect restoration in dental practices

Restoration of jaw bone defects is an actual problem in modern dentistry. Currently, various materials of biological and synthetic origin are used. The gold standard is an auto graft, however, the limited volume, additional trauma limited the use of this material. Tissue engineering opens up wide prospects for the restoration of bone tissue defects. Despite the results achieved in the use of cellular technologies, the issues of fixing the cell culture during the operation in the area of the defect, as well as limiting the probability of cell migration throughout the body in the postoperative period, remain unresolved. The purpose of the scientific review is a meta-analysis of published studies on modern methods of restoring bone defects in dental practice. The review shows that one of the solutions to this problem is the use of cells placed on carriers based on natural polymers. One of the representatives of these materials is collagen, which is a fibrillary protein that provides strength and elasticity to the connective tissue. Collagen has biocompatibility, high adhesion, loose structure, which allows it to be used in combination with various materials. Cellular technologies have opened wide prospects in the creation of new materials for bone grafting. Embryonic stem cells, which have an almost unlimited potential for proliferation, have been actively studied. However, the likelihood of developing malignant tumors, immunological incompatibility, and ethical issues limit their use. In this regard, there is a need to develop methods based on the use of cells with directed differentiation. Under the guidance of Professor Alla Zaydman developed a three-dimensional tissue-engineered bone graft obtained by direct differentiation from a chondrograft in an osteogenic environment. The three-dimensional tissue-engineered bone graft formed in vitro does not cause an immunological reaction of the body, it is an osteogenic tissue that has high regenerative potencies, which allows restoring bone defects in a short time.