Stromal-parenchymal interactions in the processes of mammary gland morphogenesis in humans and animals

This study investigates the key role of stromal-parenchymal interactions in mammary gland morphogenesis in human and animal models. The study focuses on the complex cellular dynamics between stromal cells, including fibroblasts and endothelial components, and epithelial cells in the parenchyma, examining how these interactions govern ductal development, cellular differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. Using comparative analysis, the study highlights species differences in mammary gland morphogenesis, especially between humans and models such as mice and pigs. The study highlights the importance of signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β and Hedgehog in modulating these interactions, demonstrating their critical involvement in coordinating cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of these processes in pathological conditions, particularly in breast cancer, where dysregulation of stromal-epithelial interactions promotes tumor progression. The findings have important implications for the development of more accurate animal models for cancer research and open new avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting stromal-parenchymal signaling. This study contributes to a broader understanding of breast development and its pathologic transformations, opening new perspectives for both regenerative medicine and oncology.