Vascular architecture of the liver in normal conditions and under endocrine-hypokinetic influences

The liver is distinguished by dual blood supply and a dense vascular network, enabling critical roles in metabolism, detoxification, protein synthesis, and lipid regulation. Under normal conditions, the liver’s vascular architecture demonstrates uniform sinusoidal distribution, radial orientation from portal zone toward central veins, and efficient microcirculation. Endocrine disturbances (such as hypothyroidism) combined with physical inactivity induce structural alterations in the hepatic vascular network: sinusoidal dilation, venous congestion, microvascular remodeling, and perfusion impairment. These alterations contribute to both micro- and macro-pathologies of the liver, including hepatocellular dystrophy, fibrosis, and steatohepatosis. This paper synthesizes current data from morphological, angiographic, and experimental studies, examines the mechanisms by which hormonal imbalance and reduced mobility impact hepatic vascular architecture, and discusses prospects for further research.