"Dark tetrad" of personality traits as an external factor of suicidal behavior

Biological, psychological, clinical, social and environmental factors contribute to suicidal behavior. Repeated exposure to psychosocial stressors plays a significant role. Concern about mental health and suicide risk is caused by a high level of sadism. Sadism includes elements of receiving pleasure from the suffering of others, causing pain and humiliation, and is a significant predictor of aggression. It negatively correlates with compliance, fairness, humility, conscientiousness, emotionality and openness. Sadistic personalities lack honesty, tenderness, discipline, kindness and social activity. All the features of the previously formulated concept of the "Dark Triad" are associated with increased dispositional sadism. Consideration of issues requiring the development of perspectives and methods of treatment taking into account the sadistic focus in solving the problem of suicide is very relevant and comes as a result of the lack of research analyzing the relationship between the darkest personality traits and the suffering of individuals who have been bullied. The aim of the review is to summarize the currently established facts of the relationship between the presence of Dark Tetrad traits in a sadist personality and the outcomes of this form of behavior for the sadist and his victim, as well as to provide information on ways to prevent bullying. Material and methods. A review of domestic and foreign literature describing the risk factors of sadism was conducted. Results. One of the factors in the development of violence is psychological trauma caused by abuse in childhood, unpleasant previous social contacts, leading to paranoid processes of thinking and cognition, paranoid arousal, fear, anxiety and a sense of possible danger, bad mood and discomfort. Aggressive personalities often enter into interpersonal conflicts in social situations. Characteristics of antagonistic personalities include manipulativeness, callousness, unwillingness to be friendly and deceitfulness. Sadism predicts violence among young people and is associated with antisocial traits and behavior in older age. Suffering from bullying negatively impacts the physical, mental, and socio-emotional health and well-being of those who are bullied. Consequences range from symptoms of depression and anxiety to behavioral disorders, substance abuse, and suicidal behavior. Prevention is key to reducing the number of deaths from suicide due to sadism. It includes universal, selective, and indicative interventions, and is often implemented in combination. Interventions in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy, caring contacts, safety planning, and pharmacological treatments, as well as coordinated social and health initiatives, improve the treatment of individuals at risk for suicide. Innovative prevention methods include parental involvement in the prevention of sadism, the use of the Bullying Intervention Program, and metaphorical suggestion of sadism in patients with the Dark Tetrad. Conclusion. Signs of sadistic and suicidal behavior are present in individuals with the Dark Tetrad and remain an issue of great social significance. Further research is needed into predictors and treatments. Identifying sadism that influences the opponent's suicidality is important for developing effective suicide prevention plans. Victims of bullying need strong and supportive leadership to protect them from bullies with exploitative and manipulative personality profiles.