Participation of women in social and charitable activities in the Kazan province in the second half of the 19th and the early 20th centuries

The article is devoted to the formation of women's public and charitable organizations in the Kazan province in the second half of the 19th and the early 20th centuries. The surge of social upheaval after the Great Reforms gave rise to a tense and unstable situation in Kazan Krai. At that time, along with the Orthodox clergy women were involved in the missionary work, organized educational communities, and manifested interest in enlightening and increasing literacy among the indigenous peoples. During the First World War, women's social and charitable activities entered a new stage of development by participating in organization of assistance to the front and mastering new activities. Women showed their significance and gradually moved away from the traditional understanding of their role.