Theory of elementary soil-forming processes of I.P. Gerasimov and its manifestations in diverse natural zones

The theory of elementary soil-forming processes (ESP) proposed by Academician I.P. Gerasimov is discussed both in its initial version, and in its advanced perception in the beginning of XXI century. The progress and success of this theory is highlighted. The implementation of this theory is shown with real examples in various natural environments: tundra, taiga, steppe, deserts and highlands. Disputable aspects in interpreting the elementary soil-forming processes are outlined; they concern the following processes: salinization, solodization, podzolization, lessivage and some other processes. Emphasis is put on the participation of abiotic endogenous agents in the development of elementary soil-forming processes, namely, the hydrothermal metamorphism, and periglacial lithogenesis. Examples are adduced for the ESP that were revealed by the author during his research in High Arctics, Siberia, Mongolia, Chile. Proposals for the further progress of the ESP theory are outlined.