A mammoth figure from Ust’-Kova site: results of microscopic study

Purpose. The Ust’-Kova site is one of the most famous Upper Paleolithic multi-layered sites of the Northern Angara region in which ivory artifacts were found. The postulate that works of art could play a decisive role in highlighting local differences in the Upper Paleolithic of Eurasia remains a topical one. This figure of the mammoth is a rare case of a zoomorphic Paleolithic image in general and a unique image of this animal in a Siberian archaic tradition, in comparison with the known images found in Europe and on the Russian Plain. Restoration work on this unique figure of the mammoth opened up new possibilities for a comprehensive microscopic study related to the technology of manufacturing art figures and the analysis of paints on their surface. Results. To determine the elemental composition of paint on the surface of the figure, we used the scanning electron microscopy method and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. This allowed us to study the microstructure of the paint, determine the elemental composition of the pigment in the sample and its quantitative indices. We distinguished black paint with domination of manganese, iron and magnesium and red paint with the dominance of chlorine, phosphorus, alum inosilicates, iron, manganese. In the latter case, we definitely identify an artificial pigment, as indicated by a wide range of additives. Conclusion. As a result of experimental and technological research, we established that the process of making the figure occurred in several stages. On every stage we reveal peculiarities of using the tools. High efficiency of the manufacturer's work is evident due to using the minimum of the tool kit, only a planning knife and a pair of cutters. Small details of the figure remained unworked. They are unlikely to be a consequence of the personal abilities of the work of the ancient master. The master did not use such tools as a carver or a simple drill. This can be considered a characteristic detail of the process of manufacturing. Relative primitiveness of the item is probably due to the scantiness of the toolkit and the relatively low level of technology development during the period studied. In general, the figurative art of the Ust’-Kova site is characterized by geometrized stylization, primitive surface treatment, lack of detail and ornamentation, which gives it a peculiar individuality.