Upper Paleolithic end scrapers from Denisova Cave: typological and experimental traceological study

The article provides the results of a comprehensive (typological and experimental traceological) analysis of the Upper Paleolithic end scrapers from Denisova Cave. The study was based on the material produced from layers 9 and 11 of the central chamber and layer 11 of the south chamber (n = 15). The study has shown that, in the assemblages under study, end-scraper forms do not constitute typologically homogeneous product series. The collection from layer 9 of the central chamber is characterized by beveled scrapers and single specimens with lateral recesses, and high items. An angle scraper with a tip and an end scraper with a lateral notch were found in layer 11. The collection from layer 11 of the south chamber is characterized by great diversity, including end, lateral, and beveled forms, as well as high scrapers. At present, the variety of typological composition and broad chronological context of end scrapers from Denisova Cave do not indicate the cultural specificity of these forms. The conducted traceological analysis attributed the functional purpose of almost half of end scrapers to tools used for processing animal skin. Study of one angle scraper with a tip revealed signs of its use as a piercing tool. Based on morphological features and the absence of use-wear traces, three artifacts from layer 9 of the central chamber and layer 11 of the south chamber were attributed to the core for producing bladelets. Further studies of micro- and macro-use/wear and processing traces on lithic tools from Denisova Cave will provide a more complete reconstruction of production and economic activities at the site.