Influence of basic elements of technology on the efficiency of cultivation of a new variety of spring soft wheat on leached chernozemic soil of the forest-steppe of the Volga region

The research was carried out in 2015-2017 in the Ulyanovsk region in the forest-steppe zone on leached chernozemic soil in order to study the effects of various predecessors, methods of primary tillage, mineral fertilizers dosage and seed sowing rates on the yield and economic efficiency of spring soft wheat cultivation. The object of research was a spring soft wheat variety Ulyanovskaya 105, which has been recommended for cultivation in the Volga-Vyatka (4), Middle Volga (7), Ural (9) regions of the Russian Federation since 2017. The experimental design provided the placement of spring soft wheat after peas and winter wheat, the autumn main plowing and shallow tillage. In each of the options, sowing was carried out by three seeding rates - 4.5; 5.0; 5.5 million germinating seeds / ha, for three backgrounds of mineral fertilizer - N24Р6К0 kg / ha a.a. before sowing; N64P18K35 kg / ha before sowing + retardant Tse Tse Tse 750; N50P30K70 kg / ha before sowing + N25 in tillering stage + N30 after heading stage + retardant Tse Tse Tse 750, calculated for the planned yield of 4.0; 5.0 and 6.0 t / ha, respectively. Meteorological conditions during the years of research were characterized by uneven precipitation (Hydrothermal Coefficient of Humidification in 2015 - 0.7; in 2016 - 0.8; in 2017 - 1.4). Reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer of soil at the beginning of the growing season were very good (161.1-173.2 mm), satisfactory in the heading stage (91.4-94.1 mm). Options for the planned yield of 5.0 and 6.0 t / ha had an advantage in the content of mobile NPK forms. On average, for all options, a yield of 4.63 t / ha was obtained on winter wheat, on peas - 5.18 t / ha, which is 0.55 t / ha higher. When the Ulyanovskaya 105 variety is planted after winter wheat, the plowing in comparison with shallow tillage, increased productivity by 0.57 t / ha, after peas - by 0.21 t / ha. The use of mineral fertilizers in a dose calculated for the planned yield of 5.0 t / ha increased it, compared with a dose of 4.0 t / ha, by 12-21%, and in a dose of 6.0 t / ha - by 17-22%. However, the largest conditional net income for both predecessors and primary tillage methods was provided by the options with dosage of mineral fertilizers of 4.0 t / ha and 5.0 t / ha. This indicator, compared to the 3rd background, for plowing after winter wheat on the 1st background increased by 3220 rubles / ha and on the 2nd background - by 3173 rubles / ha, on shallow tillage - by 4997 rubles / ha and 4481 rubles. / ha, respectively. Plowing after peas on 1 background increased net income by 3023 rubles / ha and on 2 background - 3087 rubles / ha, on shallow tillage - 3077 rubles / ha and 1801 rubles / ha, respectively.