The influence of various methods and forms of application of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield of grain crops

The purpose of the research is to compare the effectiveness of the use of various forms and methods of nitrogen fertilizers in the cultivation of grain crops. Studies on the use of carbamide, ammonium nitrate, urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) in various ways (pre- and post-sowing application) in the Omsk region were carried out in 2020-2021. The objects of research were spring wheat (variety Pamyati Aziev), barley (variety Sasha), nitrogen fertilizers, meadow-chernozem soil. The studied forms of nitrogen fertilizers had a positive effect on the yield of grain crops. With an average yield of 2.29 t/ha of spring wheat and 2.42 t/ha of barley in the control, the application of nitrogen fertilizers contributed to the formation of wheat grain yields from 2.41 to 2.64 t/ha and barley - from 2.56 to 2.90 t/ha. The maximum yield of spring wheat (2.60-2.64 t/ha) and barley (2.77-2.90 t/ha) was formed when using N60 by pre-sowing and post-sowing methods (N30 + N30). It did not depend on the studied forms of nitrogen fertilizers, but it is more stable with the post-sowing application of carbamide, and with the pre-sowing application of ammonium nitrate. The use of N60 (pre-sowing + post-sowing) made it possible to obtain a payback from 1 kg of application rate of 5.50-6.00 kg of wheat and 5.83-8.00 kg of barley. In general, the studied forms of nitrogen fertilizers are equivalent in terms of efficiency; barley is slightly higher when using ammonium nitrate for sowing than carbamide and UAN (7.17-8.00 and 5.83-6.83 kg/kg, respectively). The mass fraction of gluten in wheat grain during post-sowing application of nitrogen fertilizers increased by 0.2-0.9% with a content of 29.8% in control. The application of nitrogen fertilizers provided an increase in the protein content of barley grain from 12.4 to 12.6-13.0%. The amount of amino acids increases from 8.97% without fertilizers to the highest 9.74% (variant Nc - pre-sowing + NUAN - post-sowing), in barley grain - from 7.94 in the control to 8.49 (Nan - pre-sowing + NUAN - post-sowing).