External effects markets of mesoeconomic level in Mari El Republic as prerequisites of innovative development

The article presents a study of the external effects of meso-economic markets on the example of the Republic of Mari El. The aim of the work is to analyze the manifestations of positive and negative externalities at the meso-economic level. In the process of research, the following tasks are planned: the study of the origin of the concept of «external effect», a critical analysis of the views of scientists on the causes of the appearance of external effects in the markets of the meso-economic level. The main types of externalities are identified: external production costs and external consumption costs, as well as benefits derived from production and consumption. Formulas for calculating marginal costs and benefits that form negative and positive effects are presented, both for the enterprise and for society. A characteristic is given and examples of negative and positive externalities are given. Examples of positive externalities include encouraging employees of the enterprise, introducing innovations...