Mongolia’s Foreign Policy in the Context of Global Instability (2020–2025)

The article demonstrates Mongolia’s foreign policy amid rising global instability from 2020 to 2025, driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, tensions in the global economy, intensified great power competition, and transformations in the international system. Special attention is given to the impact of domestic political processes on the leadership’s ability to pursue a consistent foreign policy, as well as an assessment of economic and infrastructural dependence on China and Russia. The study examines the key directions of Mongolia’s foreign policy: deepening strategic partnership with Russia, expanding comprehensive engagement with China, advancing the third neighbor policy, and a new vector – strengthening cooperation with Central Asian countries. Based on official data and an analysis of political events from 2020 to 2025, the article highlights significant high-level diplomatic contacts, the institutionalization of intergovernmental dialogue, and the growth of regional transport and logistics connectivity.