Gates of Siberian ostrogs based on written and archaeological sources

Purpose. We summarized all written, graphic, archaeological and ethnographic data available on the structure of gates in Siberian ostrogs (fortresses) outside towers, “taras” and “gorodni”, their decoration, location within the ostrog walls and interaction with other structural elements of fortifications. Results. The gates of Siberian ostrogs were most vulnerable defensive elements in the fortress. Therefore, the driveway openings of the ostrogs were connected with other fortifications of the system in order to limit the enemy's maneuver in the vicinity of the gates. Such fortifications usually include ditches, ramparts, chevaux de frise, additional “tyn” walls and wooden structures. Our study of the topical material revealed a limited source base. Archaeological excavations allowed researchers to describe gates of only two sites - Umrevinsky Ostrog and Sosnovsky Ostrog. The informative value of such archaeological sources for reconstructing the gates is considerable. The gates of the ostrogs failed to survive to this day. Some ethnographic works available contain a summarized description of the driveway openings in the fortress structures of the town of Tara and some other towns of the Angara region. Conclusion. Based on the data available, we reconstruct a summarized image of driveway openings of the Siberian ostrogs. Their width and height were established. The number of directions for leaving and entering the fortress were also determined. The parameters, structure and installation method for the rod post, rotating post, and leaves were identified. Three options for reconstructing a wall over the gates are offered. Two types of chapels over the gates are reconstructed. Individual features of any particular gates can be reconstructed only based on integrated consideration of a set of written, graphic, and archeological sources.