Restorative regenerative shoot formation in Quercus robur as an adaptive response to late spring frosts

Restorative regenerative shoot formation allows Quercus robur to adopt to the consequences of damage caused by late spring frosts in the spring shoots. Depending on the damage degree of the spring shoots various bud types can take part in this process: coronal and axillary buds, reserve buds, dormant coronal buds, dormant buds at the base of the parental shoot and axillary buds at the base of the almost dead spring shoots. The stress situation provoked by the total frosting of all spring shoots leads to decrease to 10–15 days of the dormancy phase in buds which are dormant by their position.