25 years of the International Space Station: an experience of forming and training international crews

Successful execution of manned space missions under the International Space Station (ISS) program is to a large degree determined by the quality and effectiveness of professional activities carried out by cosmonauts (astronauts) onboard the station. During the 25 years of the ISS mission in orbit, a unique experience has been gained in determining key principles of forming international crews and developing a system for their training, which it would be wise to apply when designing new advanced manned orbital complexes. The paper discusses some special aspects of forming the ISS crews, the issues of systems approach to organizing and conducting training of international crews, as well as a conceptual framework for organizing the cosmonauts’ (astronauts’) training process and managing it.