Accumulation of heavy metals in soil-crop systems

The health concerns associated with heavy metal pollution (HMP) in agricultural soils have garnered attention on a global scale, and evaluations of the dangers to human health are based on research on the buildup of heavy metals in soil-plant systems. The pedosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere all suffer from environmental pollution. As a result of the industrialization of many nations, heavy metal pollution is one of the most important environmental problems today. Heavy metal pollutants in the environment have been removed using a variety of ways, however these procedures have drawbacks such high cost, lengthy process times, logistical issues, and mechanical complexity. To use phytoremediation, which uses plants to remove, transport, and stabilize heavy metals from soil and water, one must understand the accumulation of heavy metals in plants and the function of plants in eliminating contaminants. Physiological and metabolic processes that enable plants to phytoremediator heavy metal-contaminated locations are now being optimized via genetic engineering techniques. This review investigated the accumulation of seven common heavy metals in soil agriculture systems: Cd, Cr, As, Pb, Hg, Cu, and Zn. It is reported that wheat was generally more prone than corn to acquire heavy metals. The seven heavy metals were ranked as follows, in ascending order of accumulation in grains: Pb