Analysis of using of energy resources by educational institutions of Nizhny Novgorod region

The state program of the Russian Federation «Energy-saving and increasing of energy efficiency for the period till 2020» (in edition of Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation from 18.08.2011 N 688) is defined that the main aim of economic and social development of the country is essential decrease in the share of energy cost, decrease in loading on payment of services on the budgetary system and enhance the competitiveness and financial stability of the Russian economy, providing the population with high-quality power services at reasonable prices [1].

Due to the above it is extremely important to study the influence of technical solutions during operation of urban, regional and other kinds of energy systems and complexes, their financial, economic and investment indicators and regional economy. For the evaluation of such impact the staff of the Center of energy audit of the Nizhny Novgorod state engineering-economic institute investigated energy efficiency of educational institutions of the Nizhny Novgorod Region.

The survey was carried out in 138 institutions of various forms of education: professional schools; technical schools; colleges; institutions of additional education; boarding schools; orphanages. The complete list of institutions that received energy survey is given in the report on research work № 1/01201279101 [2].

Rules for conducting an energy survey imply that as fiscal (basic) year you select the last full calendar year before the date of preparation of energy passports, in accordance with the Decree the Ministry of energy of Russia № 182 from April 19, 2010 « On approval of the requirements to the energy passport, compiled on the results of mandatory energy audit and energy passport composed on the basis of the project documents and rules of sending a copy energy certificate based on the results of mandatory energy survey» [3].

During the preparation of energy passports the following systems were analyzed: power supply, heat supply, water supply, and consumption of motor fuel and gas. As an example, the characteristics of energy and water consumption of «Nizhny Novgorod pedagogical college after the name of K.D. Ushinsky» are given.

Table 1 - Energy and water consumption in 2011

Year	Electric energy		Heat energy		Househ ol d and dr i n king w at er
	K.W.H	thousand rubles	Gcal	thousand rubles	m3	thousand rubles
2011	98024	419,8	1057	907	2196	84,5

On Figure 1 the percentage ratio of expenditure on e ne rgy a n d w a te r co n su m e d in 2011 is clearly shown.

Heat energy 64,3%

Household and drinking water 6,0%

E l ect r i c energy 29,7%

Figure 1 - t h e Ratio of expend it ure on energy and water in 201 1

B a se d o n a su r v ey o f e d u ca tio n a l in stitu tio n s of Niz h ny Nov go r o d r egio n , th e f o llo win g conclusions were made:

• -    in educational inst itu tio n s of a v e r ag e 5 g r o u p s of e le ctr icity co n su m e rs a r e p r e v a ile d : lighting (50-70 %); consumers with electric motors (10- 3 0 %); hea ting in sta lla tio n ( 1 0-20 %); office equipment and laboratory stands (10 %).

• -    Registration of energy consumption is mad e by u sin g m ete r s of a c tiv e e n e rgy .

• -    Electric e nergy s up p ly of co n sum e r s : fro m it s TA are 1 2 o bj e cts , fr om TA , w h ich is o n the b a la n ce of p o w e r sup p lie r s a r e 1 0 3 o bj e ct s an d co m b in e d m eth o d ar e 5 o bj e ct s.

The results of energy audits and the analysis of th e r e ce iv e d da ta helped to rank ins titu tio ns a cco r d ing t o th e fo llo win g cr ite r i a : sp e ci f ic e n e rgy co n su m p tio n, sp e ci f ic consumption of heat energy, specific consumption of water and specific fu e l con s um p tio n b y boiler-houses.

As an example, the data for r a nk ing of ch ild r e n' s h om es acco r d ing to th e sp e ci f ic consumption of electric energy is given (Fig. 2). I f y o u ta k e a lo n ger p e r io d , f o r e x a m p le for f iv e y e a r s, y o u ca n fo llo w th e d y n am ic s of co n sum pti on a n d e n e rgy costs a n d w a te r .

Table 2 - Energy and water consumption in 2007-2 0 11 G K O U «G oro det sky ch il dr en's hom e»

Name	Unit of measurement	Anal y z ed peri od
		2007	2008	2009	2010	2011
Energy power
Consumption	thousand K.W.H	93,918	107,118	88,875	89,040	68,000
Costs with VAT	thousand rubles	236	268,1	288,3	336,3	280,7
POL
Consumption	Thousand L	5,994	8,9125	11,5357	10,7209	8,14696
Costs with VAT	thousand rubles	95,017	169,36	200,184	217,189	190,544
Heat energy
Consumption	Gcal	658	660	587	935	715
Costs with VAT	thousand rubles	617,6	750,2	755,6	1328,4	1152,5
Cold water and wastewater
Water consumption	thousand m3	1,977	2,765	2,102	2,529	2,981
Amount of wastewater	thousand m3	2,193	2,976	5,077	5,076	4,296
Costs with VAT of cold water	thousand rubles	23,8	39,8	38,3	51,0	68,8
Costs with VAT of wastewater	thousand rubles	36,1	57,9	118,8	133,3	129,6
Total costs	thousand rubles	1008,517	1285,36	1401,184	2066,189	1822,144

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Data for ranking of children's homes according to the specific consumption of electric energy

Analyzing the data fr o m all ob j e cts we can co n cl u de t ha t 63 % of th e costs n e ce ssar y for h eat e n ergy , 1 5 % fo r e le ctr icity, 1 1% fo r c old w a te r a n d w a ste w a te r , 11 .5 % f or fu e ls a nd lub r ic an ts. Figur e 3 sh o w s th e a na ly s is of th e to ta l co st of e n ergy a n d w at er fo r 20 0 7 -2011.

Figure 3 - Analy si s of t h e tot al c ost of energy and water duri ng the accou nt i ng pe riod (2 007-2011)

On th e g r a p h y o u ca n s e e th e th e or e tica lly co n str u c te d s m o o th ing a p p r ox im a te cu r v e described by polynomial equation with the size of reliability and a p proxi m ation. We also analyzed the costs of energy and water of in stitut io n s o f o n e k in d . A s a n e x a m p le, the costs of children's homes are given. Du r ing th e a cco u n t ing p er io d w e ca n se e i n cr e a sing in e n e rgy costs. In 2011, compared with 2007, expenses in th e a mo u nt in cr e ase d o n 5 5 .33 %. Inc r e a sing in en e rgy co sts ass oc iat ed pr im a r ily with th e g r o w th o f ta r i ffs a n d th e ir ir r a tio n a l using.

C ha n ging in th e v o lum e of con sum ptio n of h e a t e n e rgy b y in stitu tio n s is ch arac ter iz e d by duration of heating period and th e a v e r a g e o u t sid e te m p e r atu r e d ur in g th e h e a ting p e r io d . Th e v a lu e of a n n u a l h e a t e n e rgy co n su m ptio n d ir e ctly d e p e n d s o n w e a th er con d itio n s d u r i ng the y e a r , a s w e ll a s th e sta te of th e e n clo sin g s tru ctu r e s . In th e p er io d fr om 2 0 0 7 -2009 costs increased du e to th e gro w th of th e ta r i ff fo r h e a t e n ergy , a s w e ll a s w ith in cr e a se d con s um ptio n in th e a n a lyz e d p e r io d d u e to th e h e a t lo ss th r o ugh th e d e st ru ctio n of e n clo su r e in the p r o ce ss of e x p lo ita tio n. In 2 01 1 , th e red uctio n in co n su m ptio n is d e te rm in e d b y th e pa r ti al r e pa ir of b u ild in gs a n d co n s tr u c tio n s in th e in stitu tio n s a n d a lso b y in d ivid u a l sta r ting in some institutions by their own boiler rooms using as fuel - n a tur a l gas. In f i gu r e s 4-5 the typical heat loss through the building enclosure is illustrated.

Figure 4 - The rm ov ision sh oot i ng of enclosure of educ at io na l bu il di ng

Figure 5 - Thermovision shooting of window opening of educational building

Consumption and costs of natural gas also in dynamics of the period under consideration grow.

Table 3 - Energy and water consumption of children's homes in 2007-2011

Name	Unit of measurement	Analyzed period
		2007	2008	2009	2010	2011
Electrical energy
Consumption	thousand K.W.H	3452,149	3359,604	3251,850	3282,048	3414,297
Costs with VAT	thousand rubles	7456,385	9011,151	10786,829	12988,679	14755,122
Natural gas
Consumption	Thousand m3	173,530	464,941	473,934	593,277	615,485
Costs with VAT	thousand rubles	359,173	1438,134	1430,188	2334,490	2367,670
Heat energy
Consumption	Gcal	10528,338	11304,410	12607,930	12516,687	11794,476
Costs with VAT	thousand rubles	9864,860	12258,440	16932,421	18157,912	16230,072
Consumption (subabonents)	Gcal	707,000	707,000	707,000	738,000	0,000
Costs with VAT (subabonents)	thousand rubles	0,000	897,012	939,727	1011,692	1184,166
Hot water supply
Consumption	Gcal	0,000	32,922	65,608	86,229	91,898
Costs with VAT	thousand rubles	0,000	18,870	38,700	29,230	130,240
Coal
Consumption	ton	448,660	397,300	518,035	574,655	595,480
Costs with VAT	thousand rubles	1208,916	1079,227	1378,260	1365,190	1698,120
Consumption (firewood)	ton	32,000	34,000	65,000	52,000	50,000
Costs with VAT (firewood)	thousand rubles	13,000	14,300	35,750	28,600	27,500
POL
Petrol	l	189245,7	198182,78	206879,24	204912,33	188739,178
Diesel oil	l	659	636	732	273	532
Costs with VAT	thousand rubles	3200,39142	3949,60166	3991,92841	4301,40577	4803,64035
Cold water and waterwaste
Water consumption	thousand m3	2523,1056	2174,3322	2524,1724	3481,5138	1256,5083
Costs with VAT of wastewater	thousand rubles	3042,439	3673,35	4648,467	5155,88	5430,479
Total cost	thousand rubles	25145,164	31443,073	39242,543	44361,387	45442,843

Consumption and costs of natural gas also had grown in dynamics of this period. In dynamics of 2007-2011 the consumption of cold water decreased and increased, and then in 2011, there was a sharp decline due to the reduction of the indwelling children. The cost on cold water had increased because of increasing of tariff on cold water.

In the consumption and the cost of fuel in the analyzed period there was a growth in 2007-2009, then consumption began to reduce in 2009-2011. This process is connected with reduction of quantity of pupils and visits in accordance with the curriculum of institutions. The increasing of costs is directly proportional to the increasing of motor fuel cost.

In the balance of cost of institutions on energy and water the b as ic share is fitted on heat energy (35.72 %), then electricity (32.47 %), cold water (11. 9 5 %) , POL (10.57 %), natural gas (to 5.21 %), coal (3.74 %), water (0,29 %) and firewood (0.0 6 %) .

R ed u ctio n o f e le ct r i city c o n su m p tio n in th e p eriod f r o m 2 00 7 to 2 0 1 1 is determined by reduction of children and using of energy saving lighting lamps.

Figure 6 - Analysis of the total energy and water cost of the children's homes duri ng t he analyzed period (2007-2011)

Having analyzed the schedule of the total cost on Fig . 3 a n d Fi g. 6 it i s p o ssib le to make conclusion about steady increasing.

Figure 7 - The results of thermography RU-0.4 K.W.H

Figure 8 - The results of thermography RU-0.4 K.W.H

Energy audit of institutions allows revealing the factors determining the level and dynamics of the economic process, and also during the energy survey, the main aim is to identify potential energy-saving by reducing the consumption of resources without prejudice to the sanitary regulations and quality of educational services.

Deviations of protective devices were revealed during the occasional heat engineering measurements by portable devices and thermography. On Figures 7-8 the typical surfaces and the results of thermography RU-0.4 K.W.H are shown.

There is known protective device designed for protection from short circuit and large over-current, containing two motionlessly fixed contact sponges and fuse with a fusible insert ended at the ends of two round pins that are inserted into a motionless enshrined sponge. We developed and declared in FIPS issue of the patent of the Russian Federation on useful model (registration No.2012126479 from 25.06.2012), the protective device. The construction of offered protective device is given in fig. 9.

Figure 9 – Construction of the proposed protective device:

1 - contact sponges; 2 - power pins; 3 - fasteners of protective device; 4 - round contacts

This construction is created on the basis of the switching device of manual control, capable of including, carrying and breaking currents in electric circuits with voltage up to 400 V, frequency 50 Hz, in normal operating conditions, in the conditions of work overload, and briefly hold supercurrents of short circuits.

Technical and economic effect of the offered device is that the modernization occurs almost without interruption of power, because the removable part of the device with automatic breaker mounted in advance and the whole process of modernization is reduced to removing of safety devices and insert of automatic breaker. Moreover the maintenance of the device is simplified. It should also be noted that unlike a fuse, the offered device is ready for the next use after cooling plate.

Let's consider the economic part using this device on the example of GBOU VPO NGIEI.The cost of a fusible insert of a safety device of PPNI-37, dimension 2, 40A IEK of DPP40-040 is from 152 to 213 rub/pieces, and cost of automatic breaker AE 2044 50A is 110 rub/pieces [5]. Costs are accepted in the amount of 30-40%, and the overhead costs - 1015% from price, respectively we receive 117000 rubles. Capital investments in the new technical will make 84700 rub. During transition, in process of failure of the known fuse, on the offered protective device we will receive economy of 32.3 thousand rubles.

Economic effect in a general view (rub) will make:

E= C1-C2=32.3, where C1 – costs in the first variant, rub; C2 – costs in offered variant, rub.

Production effect in a general view (rub):

Epr= ∆Dpr+Ec=18405+5522=23927, where ∆Dpr – the size of the reduced (probabilistic) material damage from application of technical solution, rub; Ec – economy costs for operation of electric networks (on transport costs, reduction of losses of electric power, etc.), rub.

Probabilistic size of reduction of material damage (rub):

∆Dpr = Dsp⋅ (CLb– CLp) ⋅ Ld= 18405, where Dsp – specific probabilistic damage from breaks in electricity supply, rub/K.W.H. (∆Dpr = 4, rub/K.W.H.); CLb и CLp – the annual duration of clearings in all elements respectively in basic and project variants; Ld– design load, K.W.H. Average design load is 45 K.W.H.

One of the results of the conducted energy survey is revealed potential of irrationally used size of energy resources in the form of heat energy, electricity, liquid and solid fuels, motor fuel and also water.

On each resource institutions offered actions for reduction of their use. In general institutions of education have the potential to reduce the consumption of electric energy amounted in – 5021,844 thousand K.W.H.; heat energy – 23338,112 Gcal; natural gas – 469,579 thousand m3; liquid and solid fuels – 824,402 tons; motor fuel – 335,02 thousand liters; waters – 115,41 thousand m3, worth in monetary terms - 65,885 million rubles.

Capital costs of energy saving actions will make about 239,644 million rubles, with a payback period is about 3.64 years. These figures show the enormous potential which can be used in educational institutions having aimed it at the development of material base for the purpose of improvement of quality of rendered educational services.