Bioremediation of desert lands using xylotermophyte plants

The article is devoted to the study of cultivation of thermocerophyte (Capparis spinosa L.) - capers in the form of seedlings and seeds in order to find out the reasons for the widespread and habitability of this plant in the arid zones of Central Asia, as well as to study the characteristics of the soil microflora composition used for natural and artificial capers habitat.

Central Asia is an integral part of the global space, where the globalization of financial, economic, ecological and other areas of agriculture is at a rapid pace. Despite this, about 70% of the entire territory of Central Asia is occupied by the land of hot desert, hill, mountain, foothill zones, saline, sandy soils, most of which do not succumb to irrigation and bioremediation. The development of these huge reserves is very urgent. Because the increase in agricultural products, the production of feed and food products, as well as the improvement of soil is necessary primarily to ensure the food of the population, to maintain the ecological balance of nature and to solve the problem of warming on the planet [1]. Consequently, the immediate task of florists, ecologists and biotechnologists is the cultivation of economically valuable plants - thermo-xerophytes for the assimilation of arid zones and reserve lands by introducing them with the aim of bioremediation of contaminated soils. In this case it is necessary to take into account both the utilitarian properties of the plant and the correspondence of its biological characteristics to cultivation under severe xerothermic conditions, where the soil moisture is zero, and the air temperature reaches 65-70 ° C, penetrating into the depth of the soil 0-15 cm, and sometimes up to 25 -30 cm, the wind strength reaches 30-40 seconds. In recent years, the consumer demand for capers fruits in Europe and the CIS has increased significantly, which is a very promising wild plant. The economic advantages of capers are known to the peoples of Asia and Europe. The population of Central Asia has long been using its seeds for obtaining edible oil, eating flesh of the flesh, which contains 12% of sugar and more than 12% of unique protein substances. In the famous "Canon of Medicine" Abu Ali ibn Sina reported on the medicinal properties of the entire part of the medicinal plant-capper.

The caper's native land is the Mediterranean and Central Asia. These prickly plants are extremely hardy, easily withstand heat and salty sea spray and can grow even on bare stones. There are two kinds of capers in the Republic of Uzbekistan. ( Capparis spinosa .L.) and ( Capparis rosanova L) Capers have deep roots, sometimes with a length of 15-20 meters, is everywhere penetrating, water not consuming, growing on sandy, stony soils and heights, which has a very valuable biological significance both in The unique composition of the chemical substances of flowers, buds, fruits, stems and rhizosphere [2].

Proceeding from the foregoing, in this work, studies on the cultivation of termekserophyte (Capparis spinosa L.) - capers in the form of seedlings and seeds, are conducted to study the reasons for the prevalence and livability of this plant in the arid zones of Central Asia, by comparing the microbial landscape with natural (from the place of natural growth of capers) and cultivated soil (artificial cultivation), occupied by capers in different seasons of the year. The work was carried out for development of arid lands of Djizzakh and Namangan regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan, by cultivating capers with seeds and cuttings [3].

Studies are being conducted to establish the comparative features of the composition of the soil microflora, which is occupied by the capers of the natural and artificial habitats. Identified groups of microorganisms, colonizing the root system in the phases of plant development. It is shown that soil from a natural habitat and seedlings due to root excretion promotes abundant accumulation of microorganisms around the roots during the entire period of their growth.

Studies have shown that capers belong to xylotrophic plants, on the whole territory of its distribution, it prefers dry, strongly sunlit places, grows on the most severe infertile soils, best develops on several saline soils.

For this purpose, seedlings (30-40 cm) capers, taken from the desert zones (Mirzachul) were planted in March 2015 in an amount of 20 pieces in a nonirrigated soil through 60x90 cm distance. We observed the growth and development of cultivated seedlings and wild plants, studied soil indices, mainly the microbiological landscape during the vegetative growth of both variants of caper growth.

The study of the peculiarities of the microflora composition of the soil occupied by the capers of the natural and artificial habitats showed that the main group of microorganisms are most intensively distributed in the root system of plants in the phases of plant development. Microscopic fungi make up an insignificant share in the total number of microbial populations, although in individual soil samples, their number reached 15-25 thousand/g soil. One of the most common forms of spore-forming microorganisms were the bacteria Bacillus idosus, Bac.mesentericus, Bac.mucoides, Pseudomonas, representatives of the fungi were the genera Trichoderma, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium [4]. It is established that microbial landscape of the soil is important for the multiplication, propagation and active growth of wild and cultivated species of capers. In such extreme conditions in arid zones and harsh climatic conditions, plants grow by supplying nutrient elements of soil and fixing atmospheric nitrogen, and Also protecting plants capers from the action of phytopathogens of the entire period of their vegetative growth.

It turned out that the soil from the natural habitat and planting has a rich microflora, due to root excretion, which facilitates abundant accumulation of microorganisms around the roots during the entire period of their growth.

In general, the above literary and data obtained by us testify to the valuable importance of capers cultivation, which also allows us to study clearly the biological, chemical and physical processes taking place in soils of various types, the mechanisms of action of soil microorganisms, especially fungi, which directly affect the structure, composition and The biological properties of the soil, without which it is impossible to understand the natural processes for restoration, increasing the fertility, leading to enormous values in agriculture.