Changes in the dynamics and division of labor resources in the Republic of Uzbekistan

Population and labor resources are one of the most comprehensive objects of economic and social geography. The population is influenced by demographic factors, which influences the formation of labor resources. Labor resources raise the issue of population employment. One of the priorities is the employment of the population during structural transformations and diversification of the economy.

Working resources are the most important component of society and the most important component of social production. The number of working resources, dynamics of growth, qualification training and accommodation characteristics have a great impact on the specialization, organization and development of production throughout the region and in the scope of districts.

The socio-economic development of the society and the employment policy depend on the quality of labor resources [5, p 59].

Labor resources are a social geographical category that identifies the demographic potential of the sectors of the economy or of the regions with geographical (external) and social (inner) environments.

Population having the ability to work according to their physical and spiritual capacities, are physically and mentally competent, have the knowledge and experience they possess, or are called labor resources .

The population and labor resources in Uzbekistan are rapidly increasing. The dynamics of the labor force in the country are unique.

In Uzbekistan, labor resources are men aged 16 to 60 years and women between the ages of 16 and 55. Additionally, a part of adolescents and older men aged 60 and women over 55 also participates as labor resources.

According to the number of labor resources, Uzbekistan occupies the second place among CIS countries after Russia and Ukraine. The number of labor resources in Uzbekistan is growing at the expense of active demographic processes. If the labor force in 1991 was 10213,2 thousand people in 2000, it was 12718,0 thousand people, and in 2017 it was 18666,3 thousand people. Labor resources have grown by 124,5 percent in 2000 and 182,8 percent in 2017 versus the beginning of the year (1991).

Picture 1. Dynamics of labor force in the Republic of Uzbekistan (thousand people)

• 5 3,3 % of the country's labor resources fall on urban areas, and 46,7 % - in rural areas.

The population is divided into economically active and inactive groups. Economically active population plays an important role among them.

Economically active population is a part of the population, those who are employed in social welfare, who are paid or earn income. They provide the labor force for the economy's services and commodity production [1, p. 101].

The group includes economically active population, official unemployed, religious officials, and others.

Economically active population is 16 years of age and older, and in some cases those who are 16 years of age. Including:

• –    people who can perform work in full and incomplete worktime as well as those who can generate income from work;

• –    temporary unemployed persons, ie according to illness, sick leave, days off, demonstrations or other reasons;

• –    people working in family businesses.

• 76.9 % of Uzbekistan's labor resources are economically active population (10.01.2018). The number of economically active population has grown between 2000-2017 by 4643,8 thousand or 147,8 percent. In 2017, compared with 2010, the share of economically active population has increased by 4,3 percent compared to the non-effective population. On the contrary, the share of economically inactive people decreased from 27,4 % to 23,1 %. It can be seen that the increase in the share of economically active population in the country is expected in the near future and the number of labor resources is increasing.

The vast majority of the labor resources are economically active population, accounting for 94,2 % of the economically active population. In their sex structure, men dominate with 54.2 percent. On the contrary, women have a slightly lower share (45,8 percent).

As it is known, during the years of independence, the share of private property in the non-state sector is increasing. This process also affects the employment of labor force. For example, in 2017, 82,7 percent of the employed population was working in non-governmental organizations.

In recent years, significant changes have been made in the division of labor resources in the economy. In particular, the share of the population operating in the agrarian sector is decreasing. On the contrary, the share of employed population in construction and trade increased. Industrial production in the country accounts for about 2/3 of the labor force in industry, construction, and service sectors [3, p. 38]. Also, agriculture, forestry and fisheries remain the most concentrated labor resources (27,2 %). It is the heritage of a long-standing dictatorship. At the same time, it should be noted that their contribution is decreasing. The share of labor force in agriculture was 42,0 percent in 1991 [2, p 48] and 28,5 percent in 2000. As it is seen above, the tendency of decreasing in the share of employed population in agriculture, forestry and fisheries will continue in the future.

One of the most active sectors of the country's labor resources in the economy is industry, with a population of 13,5 %. The share of labor resources in the field of trade is also relatively high (11,0 percent).

It is well known that Uzbek people are creative people. This is evidenced by the historical architectural monuments or buildings built during the years of independence. The rise of social development promotes the rapid development of construction work. The life style of the population has risen significantly. The construction industry has also evolved, combining the best traditions of world and national architecture. This has led to an increase in the number of employed in the industry. As a result, the share of employed people in the construction sector was 9,5 percent.

In the field of education, the share of labor resources is 8,2 %. However, positive reforms in the education system in recent years have resulted in an increase in the number of representatives of this sphere.

All the labor resources in the field of economy can not be employed. It is natural to have unemployed people. In this regard, the number of unemployed in the year 2017 was 837,000. This led to 5,8 % of the unemployment rate. It should be noted that, compared to some CIS countries, they occupy the average positions. The highest unemployment rate is observed in Armenia (17,8 %) and Ukraine (9,5 %). On the contrary, Moldova (4,1 percent), Azerbaijan (5,0 percent) and Russia (5,2 percent) have a low unemployment rate [3, p 149].

Dynamics of work resources and changes in network division bring us to the following conclusions:

• -    dynamics of labor resources has a tendency to grow depending on demographic factors;

• -    the share of economically active population in comparison with inactive population increases due to demographic processes and the average life expectancy of the population;

• -    the share of industrial sectors and services in the division of labor resources is growing, while the share of employed in the agrarian sector is decreasing, and this trend will continue in the future.