Changes in the functional state of the cardiovascular system in the middle, elderly and senile age depending on the season

Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice

UDC 616.12                                         

Relevance of the problem

It is important to trace the state of the cardiovascular system in the process of aging, depending on the seasons of the year. Painful meteosensitivity affects 65-75% of patients with cardiovascular diseases [4, 11, 12]. Underestimation of the influence of age-related features, in particular the cardiovascular system, on the development and course of many diseases in the elderly and old people often leads to errors in diagnosis and treatment [1]. There is a position that aging includes a complex process of adaptation of the body to new conditions [2].

Meteorological conditions have an adverse effect on the course of a number of diseases, often contributing to their exacerbation through overstrain and disruption of adaptation mechanisms, with the development of biorhythm disturbances in the body [1].

Arterial hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease, its complication, primarily cerebral stroke and myocardial infarction, lead to a significant increase in mortality in developed countries [2, 3]. Many researchers have noted an increase in cardiovascular diseases and mortality in winter, especially in cold weather [5, 6]. In studies studying seasonal changes in the body's hemodynamics, an increase in pulse and heart rate was found [7].

According to medical statistics, in different countries, about a third of men and almost half of women have an increased sensitivity to changes in weather conditions [8-10]. meteorological conditions characteristic of the cyclonic type of weather affect pH and blood pressure, tissue permeability, aggravate the morbid condition of patients with arterial hypertension, lead to a breakdown in adaptation and an increase in blood pressure, increase the frequency of hypertensive crises and cardiovascular accidents [13, 15-17].

Nevertheless, the prolonged heat in the city of Osh in July and August, when the daily temperature exceeds 30°C almost all days, also necessitates the medical examination of patients with hypertension and targeted meteorological prophylaxis among them [13, 14]. It is important to trace the state of the cardiovascular system in the process of aging, depending on the seasons of the year. The study of the influence of meteorological factors on the state of the body, changes in blood pressure, is topical.

Purpose of the study: To study the change in blood pressure in people of middle, elderly and senile age in different seasons of the year.

Materials and methods

242 patients aged 35-75 years and older (men and women) were under observation. The study involved patients, residents of Osh with diseases of the cardiovascular system. The studied patients were divided into control and main groups depending on age. The control group consisted of 118 patients. It was divided into three subgroups (Ia, Ib, Ic). The main group consisted of 124 patients. It was divided into three subgroups (I, II, III). All control and main groups (including 110 women, 132 men) were examined in 4 seasons of the year.

• -    Ia-subgroup of men and women aged 35-60, of which 10 in spring, 10 in summer, 5 in autumn, and 15 in winter are healthy.

• -    Ib-subgroup of men and women aged 61-75 years, of which 9 in spring, 8 in summer, 5 in autumn, and 15 in winter are healthy.

• -    IV-subgroup of men and women aged 75 years and above, of which spring time-12, summer-11, autumn-8, winter-10 people are healthy.

• -    I-subgroup main men and women aged 35-60, of which 11 in spring, 9 in summer, 6 in autumn, and 13 in winter

• -    II-subgroup main 48 patients, men and women aged 61-75 years were examined, of which 10 in spring, 10 in summer, 5 in autumn, and 23 in winter with diseases of the cardiovascular system.

• -    III-subgroup main 37 patients aged 76 years and above, including 14 in spring, 5 in summer, 7 in autumn, and 11 in winter with diseases of the cardiovascular system.

The survey was conducted in all seasons of the year, in order to study the dynamics of cardiovascular diseases, meteorological factors. The patient's blood pressure was measured. A tonometer was used to measure blood pressure. Blood pressure was measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). When measuring blood pressure, 2 digital values were recorded: systolic and diastolic pressure. All the received factual material was subjected to computer processing using the Microsoft Excel package of applied programs with the calculation of the Student's criterion.

Results and discussions

In the control subgroup Ia in the spring, the level of diastolic blood pressure was 71.1±1.5 mmHg. In contrast to the spring period, in summer, diastolic blood pressure tended to decrease by 3.8%. In autumn, diastolic pressure increased by 3.2%, and in winter by 4.5%. In the main subgroup I, diastolic blood pressure in the spring period was 74.7±4.7 mm Hg. In contrast to spring, diastolic blood pressure decreased by 2.5% in summer, increased by 4.8% in autumn and 9.5% in winter.

In the main subgroup I, in contrast to the control subgroup Ia, the level of diastolic blood pressure increased in all periods: in spring by 5.0%, in summer by 6.5%, in autumn by 6.6%, and in winter by 10.0%. In the control subgroup Ib, diastolic blood pressure was 83.0±3.5 mm Hg. in spring, but was higher in all other periods: by 5.1% in summer, by 6.6% in autumn and by 5.3% in winter.

Diastolic blood pressure in the II main subgroup in the spring was 84.0 ±3.3 mm Hg, and in all other periods, in contrast, it was out by 5.9%, in autumn by 7.5%, in winter by 10.8 %. In the main subgroup II, in contrast to the control subgroup Ib, diastolic blood pressure in the spring remained within the physiological norm. In other periods, diastolic blood pressure increased: by 2.4% in summer, by 2.0% in autumn, by 6.5% in winter.

In the control subgroup I, diastolic blood pressure in the spring was 96.2±4.2 mm. rt. Art. In contrast to the spring period, in summer the level of this indicator remained within the physiological norm. In autumn it increased by 2.0%, and in winter by 5.5%. In the main subgroup III, diastolic blood pressure was 103.0±2.0 mm Hg. In contrast to the spring period, on the contrary, in summer it tended to decrease by 3.0%. In autumn, it significantly increased by 2.9%, and in winter — by 6.6%.

In the main subgroup III, in contrast to the control subgroup Ic, the level of diastolic pressure increased in all periods: in spring by 7.0%, in summer by 5.2%, in autumn by 7.9%, in winter by 8.1%. Thus, it was found that in the control subgroup Ia, the level of diastolic pressure, in contrast to the spring period, decreased in summer, increased in autumn and winter. In winter, there was a significant difference (P<0.05).

At the same time, in the main subgroup I, in contrast to the spring period, the level of diastolic pressure decreased in summer and increased in autumn and winter with a significant difference in autumn (P<0.05). the level of diastolic pressure increased in all periods.

It should be noted that in persons of the control subgroup Ib, in contrast to the spring period, the level of diastolic pressure increased in all periods (P<0.05). Similarly, in persons of the II main subgroup, in contrast to the spring time, diastolic pressure increased in all periods. A significant difference was observed in summer and winter (P<0.05). At the same time, in the II main subgroup, in contrast to the control Ib, diastolic blood pressure remained within the physiological norm in spring, and in summer, autumn and winter it tended to increase.

It should be noted that in the control subgroup I, in contrast to the spring period, diastolic blood pressure remained within the physiological norm in summer and significantly increased in autumn and winter (P<0.05). Moreover, in persons of I and II of the main subgroup, in contrast to the spring period, diastolic blood pressure decreased in summer, and significantly increased in autumn and winter (P<0.05). As well as in the main subgroups I, II, diastolic blood pressure in persons of the main III, in contrast to the control subgroup Ic, increased in all periods (Figure 1).

109,8

control           basic            control           basic            control           basic average age                       elderly age                         old age

• ■ spring period ■ summer period ■ autumn period ■ winter period

Note: * P<0.05, significant to the spring period and the control subgroup

• Figure 1.    Data of indicators of diastolic blood pressure in the control and main subgroup

In the control Ia subgroup in the spring, systolic blood pressure was 113.4±1.5 mm Hg. In contrast to the spring period, in summer it decreased by 4.6%. With the onset of autumn, it tended to increase by 2.1%, and in winter by 2.6%. In the main subgroup I in the spring, systolic blood pressure was 117.0±4.7 mm Hg. In contrast to the spring period, in summer the level of systolic blood pressure decreased by 4.8%. In autumn, it remained within the physiological norm. With the onset of winter, there was an upward trend of 4.5%.

In the main subgroup I, systolic blood pressure increased in all periods, in contrast to the control subgroup Ia: in spring by 3.5%, in summer by 3.3%, in autumn by 2.0%, and in winter by 5.4%. In the control subgroup Ib, systolic blood pressure in the spring period was 121.0±3.5 mm Hg. In contrast to the spring period, in summer systolic pressure decreased by 2.5%. In autumn, it remained within the physiological norm. In winter, it increased by 3.2%.

In the main subgroup II, systolic blood pressure in the spring period was 125.4±4.7 mm Hg. In contrast to the spring period, in summer it tended to decrease by 2.2%. In autumn, systolic pressure increased by 8.1%, and in winter by 11.0%. In the II main subgroup, in contrast to the control Ib, systolic blood pressure increased in all periods: in spring by 3.3%, in summer by 3.7%, in autumn by 9.7%, in winter by 11.1%.

In the control subgroup I, systolic blood pressure in the spring period was 144.7±2.2 mm Hg. In contrast to the spring period, in summer it decreased by 2.3%. Since the beginning of autumn, it remained within the physiological norm. In winter, it tended to increase by 3.8%. In the main subgroup III, systolic blood pressure was 156.4±4.7 mm. rt. Art. In contrast to the spring period, in summer it tended to decrease by 3.1%. With the onset of autumn, it increased by 2.8%, and in winter by 5.1%.

In the main subgroup III, systolic blood pressure increased in all periods, in contrast to the control subgroup Ib: in spring by 8.0%, in summer by 7.2%, in autumn by 9.2%, in winter by 9.5%. At that time, in the control subgroup Ia, the level of systolic pressure, in contrast to the spring period, decreased in summer, significantly increased in autumn and winter (P<0.05).

Moreover, in persons of the main subgroup I, in contrast to the spring period, the level of systolic pressure decreased in summer, remained within the physiological norm in autumn, and increased in winter. In summer and autumn it has a significant difference (P<0.05). It can be noted that in the main subgroup I, systolic blood pressure was higher than normal in all periods, in contrast to the control subgroup Ia.

Meanwhile, in persons of the control subgroup Ib, in contrast to the spring period, it decreased in summer, remained within the physiological norm in autumn, and increased in winter, where a significant difference was observed in summer and winter (P<0.05). It was revealed that in the main subgroup II, in contrast to the spring period, systolic pressure decreased in summer, increased in autumn and winter, where there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in these periods.

It is important to note that in patients of the II main subgroup, in contrast to the control group Ib, systolic pressure increased in all periods. It turned out that in the control subgroup I, in contrast to the spring period, systolic pressure decreased in summer, was within the physiological norm in autumn, and increased in winter. There is a significant difference in summer and autumn (P<0.05). Systolic blood pressure in the III main subgroup decreased in summer, increased in autumn and winter, where it has a significant difference (P<0.05) in contrast to the spring period.

Moreover, in patients of the main subgroup III, in contrast to the control subgroup Ic, systolic pressure increased in all periods (Figure 2).

Conclusion

It was established that in the middle age in different seasons of the year, blood pressure was within the normal range. The study also revealed the relationship between seasonal temperature and blood pressure levels. It was found that systolic and diastolic blood pressure change in different seasons and depending on air temperature. A high level of systolic and diastolic pressure was typical for the winter period. In the spring there was a decrease in pressure, especially systolic. Thus, BP decreased during the transition from the winter season to the spring period. In summer, blood pressure and heart rate were lower than in spring. More often, such a change was observed in elderly and senile people, which may be associated with meteosensitivity, especially indicators of the cardiovascular system. Such a change can be considered as an adaptive response of the body to changes in ambient temperature. When the seasons change, hemodynamic parameters (blood pressure) significantly increased in people over 65 years of age, in contrast to other subgroups. Blood pressure levels fluctuate seasonally, with a maximum in winter and a minimum in summer.

144,71 411,44 7,31 50,2

156,4  160,196 4,5

113,140 81,21 5,161 6,4 117,4 1111,81 8,122 2,8   1211,31 81,32 31,52 5,3 125,41 221,73 5,61 39,3 144,71 411,44 7,31 50,2      151,7

control

basic

control

basic

control

basic

average age

elderly age

old age

spring period

summer period

autumn period

winter period

Note: *P<0.05, significant to the spring period and the control subgroup

• Figure 2.    Data of indicators of systolic blood pressure in the control and main subgroup