Concepts, principles and characteristics of public management

The founders of managerial approach to public administration, David Osborne and Ted Gaebler (USA) in his famous work "The restructuring of the government» («Reinventing Government») analyzing the shortcomings of bureaucratic management model are detailed in the desired and necessary changes that need to happen at the federal and local levels.

Under management in the public service refers to the process management within the public service institutions, and the science of this administration, and management skill and a corresponding set of skills, and the staff of public administration. Management in the public service is realized through its core functions: planning, organization, coordination, motivation and control. The division of labor management regulations fixed in the organizational structure, and repetitive and standard actions - in administrative procedures.

But if reform the civil service seriously and permanently, Russia should take into account trends in the development of public service developed countries, and, above all, world leaders - the US and Japan. It is obvious that in large part thanks to the high quality of public officials, these countries have taken a leading role in the world community. As for the modern Japanese civil service, it is based on two key indicators: the minimum cost and maximum efficiency. Index the minimum value is reached as a result of a strict limit on the number of administrative bodies, including ministers (usually about a dozen), and the number of employees of each public body. There is a rule that the party or coalition of parties in power can assign to the ministry as a result of a change of government is not more than three of his supporters (and the two Vice-Minister).

The high efficiency of the state apparatus Japan achieved including through the creation of an elite civil service, attracting to it the brightest talents and minds of the country. In order to guarantee and maintain a high level of efficiency of their employees, public authorities provide such salaries and pension benefits that are competitive with similar payments in the private sector. Attention should also be paid to the fact that in Japan the management of public service at almost all levels, including the recruitment, advancement, promotion, sanctions and pensions charged body that is independent of the government - the National Directorate for Personnel.

In the United States, as we know, the competitive selection of civil servants introduced in 1883, and currently 90% of federal officials come to the public service on a competitive basis.

Noteworthy is the experience of the competitive selection of civil servants in South Korea. On the nature of competition for civil service positions following facts. In the 80 years of the last century, some staff positions claimed 160 candidates and more. Candidates are not afraid of even very complex competitive examinations in 12 subjects, among which are profiling economics, business management and administration. As a result of personnel policy in 1988, 70% of civil servants in South Korea had university degrees.

Along the way, competitive selection and promotion of civil servants already gone neighbor Russia - Kazakhstan. Here establish a special agency of the Civil Service, to the President of the country. According to Kazakh legislation, to be created on a competitive basis, over 90% of the body of civil servants. This innovation of personnel policy in the public service is a real revolution for Kazakhstan, as previously state positions were almost the subject of inheritance.

These and other facts suggest that if Russia wants to enter into the circle of civilized nations, then it will create an elite civil service, which would seek the best representatives of Russian society. As world practice shows, including domestic, the best way to guarantee the elite civil service is the organization of competitive examinations based on their transparency. In this context, Russia needs a law on the competitive selection of civil servants who have outlined the legal framework for the creation of a system of open competition for civil service positions. The only way to guarantee the constitutional principle of equal access of citizens to public service.

Competitive selection and promotion of civil servants allow for large-scale rotation of the political elite, have been unable to enforce the policy effective modernization of the country. It will include a green light to enter the public service of young people, including those who receive education in the specialty "State and municipal management". In addition, the new principles of selection and promotion of civil servants can become an additional support in order to achieve national reconciliation.

An important role in the modernization of the civil service could play a certification of "career" officials independent certification commissions based on criteria developed. In most of these commissions should be the most authoritative representatives of personnel management, experts in the field of state and municipal government. Current certification practice when officials certify themselves, is, with some exceptions, mostly formal. Possible and a different approach to solve this problem - instead of the older form of certification for the officials to carry out special state certification exam.

Regardless of the nature of the organization, its management and general patterns appear common mechanisms operate. Management in the ministry, regional administration, the university, in a transnational corporation has in common. In particular, in the management of these organizations takes place setting goals, identify priorities, make plans and programs of action, fixed administrative procedures, formed and developed organizational structure. In all organizations within the personnel management are built or that motivational system, practiced procedures for recruitment and promotion. In any organization, shall set forth the procedures for monitoring.

Management in the public service has its own peculiarities, manifested in: aims, methods evaluation, reporting, control procedures, responsibilities and incentives.

Thus, public management is necessary in the public service organization. Although today in the civil service, which is dominated by routine functions and solving repetitive routine tasks, dominated by traditional bureaucratic methods of management. Moreover, authoritarian control in this case turns out to be the best. However, a growing number of specific areas of the public service require innovative solutions are constantly emerging new challenges. In these areas, and reform should take place according to the new spirit of the times.