Dynamics of old-growth spruce forests in the Moscow region

The authors have studied the dynamics of spruce (Picea abies) forests in the Moscow region over the past four decades, and have traced main trends after the decay of old-growth spruce forests, as well as changes in ecological conditions of habitats. It was revealed the two multidirectional forms of secondary successions: with restoration of spruce undergrowth and with active development of shrubs.