Discourse: genesis, nature and content, review of scientific schools

In the article the author reviews various discourse theories, examines the evolution of scientific schools and trends. Interest in research has several decades. Over time, the concept of "discourse" overstepped linguistics and began to be considered comprehensively, the methodological basis of discourse theories is extensive, differs interdisciplinary approach to study. In the article the author concludes that the difficulties in understanding and classifying arise because the discourse theories have developed in various sciences: philosophy, cultural studies, sociology, political science and a number of social and human sciences. In the article the author clearly demonstrates the breadth of the interpretations of discourse, they are considered in the range from linguistic textualism to poststructuralism. In the article the author comes to the conclusion that as a result of the rapid evolution of the theory of discourse this concept significantly expanded the range of its meanings: to replace exclusively linguistic understanding came the realization of discourse as a transcendental metaphysical phenomenon.