ДНК маркеры и "микросателлитный код" (обзор)

ДНК маркеры и "микросателлитный код" (обзор)

Автор: Глазко В.И., Косовский Г.Ю., Глазко Т.Т., Федорова Л.М.

Журнал: Сельскохозяйственная биология @agrobiology

Рубрика: Обзоры, проблемы

Статья в выпуске: 2 т.58, 2023 года.

Бесплатный доступ

Одной из центральных проблем в современном животноводстве остается поиск генетических маркеров, которые упростили бы отбор и подбор животных для скрещиваний и повысили вероятность получения потомства с желательными хозяйственно ценными признаками. В обзоре рассмотрены примеры наиболее успешного применения различных типов ДНК маркеров для решения конкретных селекционных задач: микросателлитов - для исключения ошибок происхождения, мононуклеотидных полиморфизмов (SNP) - для создания карт геномных районов, полиморфизм в которых ассоциирован с модификацией фенотипических характеристик (D.J. Rigden, X.M. Fer-nández, 2023) и локализацией ключевых генов адаптации к давлению естественного отбора на краях ареалов и в зонах рискованного животноводства (E.K. Cheruiyot с соавт., 2022; L. Buggiotti с соавт., 2021, 2022), областей с повышенным варьированием копийности геномных участков (CNV) - для анализа механизмов ответа полигенных систем (сенсорных, иммунных, транспортерных) на воздействие факторов естественного и искусственного отбора (Y. Huang с соавт., 2021; P. Davoudi с соавт., 2022). Обсуждается преимущественное вовлечение диспергированных и тандемных повторов (в частности, микросателлитных) как элементов регуляторных сетей в эпигенетическую и фенотипическую изменчивость (R.P. Kumar с соавт., 2010). Рассматривается сложная структурно-функциональная организация микросателлитов, индивидуальная изменчивость некоторых локусов, их участие в процессах эволюции, рекомбинации, транскрипции, в формировании вторичной структуры ДНК, модификации архитектоники интерфазного ядра, в регуляции профилей генной экспрессии (R.P. Kumar с соавт., 2010; X. Tang с соавт., 2022). Исследования регуляторных сетей приобретают особое значение в связи с накоплением информации о существенных различиях по размерам генома у животных разных таксонов, распространенности и составу мобильных генетических элементов (источников компонентов регуляторных сетей) при сходстве числа генов, кодирующих белки (В.И. Глазко с соавт., 2022). Эти данные свидетельствуют о перспективности полилокусного генотипирования на основе микросателлитных и диспергированных повторов для выявления особенностей популяционно-генетической структуры, консолидированности и различий между группами животных.

Еще

Днк маркеры, микросателлиты, str, мононуклеотидные полиморфизмы, snp, изменчивость числа копий, cnv, полногеномные исследования ассоциаций, gwas

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/142238877

IDR: 142238877   |   DOI: 10.15389/agrobiology.2023.2.223rus

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