Two ways of understanding a metaphor: O. Freudenberg and M. Bakhtin

The article presents a comparative analysis of understanding a metaphor by O.Freudenberg and M.Bakhtin in the context of the cognitive nature of this phenomenon identified by metaphorology. The basis for affiliating metaphors to philosophical concepts is the formation of metaphorology. The nature of the phenomenon of metaphors continues to raise debates; thus in philosophy metaphor is presented quite different than in literature. At the same time, the cognitive nature of metaphors gave rise to rethinking the metaphors in contemporary philosophy. The article presents different definitions of a metaphor as a basis for verifying the cognitive side of metaphors. Due to the identified epistemological orientation, the article highlights the understandings of metaphors according to O.Freudenberg and M. Bakhtin. The concept of metaphors according to Freudenberg is considered in the context of her interest in the structure of archaic thinking and the role of language in the development of human society in its early phases. Understanding of metaphors according to M. Bakhtin is built on active assessments of the phenomena of reality and bears the features constituting the world picture. Based on the comparative analysis, the article shows that O. Freudenberg and M. Bakhtin had identified the cognitive nature of metaphors through completely different ways and different materials long before it was done in metaphorology.