Early byzantine “medallion” capitals in the Holy Land: their context, stylistic evolution, and geographical distribution

Early byzantine “medallion” capitals in the Holy Land: their context, stylistic evolution, and geographical distribution

Автор: Tarkhanova S.

Журнал: Материалы по археологии и истории античного и средневекового Причерноморья @maiask

Рубрика: Археология

Статья в выпуске: 15, 2023 года.

Бесплатный доступ

In this paper, twelve marble “medallion” capitals of the Holy Land are collected together, stylistically analyzed, and dated for the first time. For a better understanding of their geographical distribution, the places of recovery were marked on the map. In the recent article of C. Barsanti (2017), only 40 capitals of this type were collected throughout the whole Mediterranean region, so the number of local artifacts is rather considerable. None of the local capitals was revealed in situ but only in secondary use in the Early Islamic context or scattered at the sites. In all cases, Early-Byzantine churches dated to the 5th - 6th centuries CE were located in close vicinity. The paper consistently provides them as apparent sources from which the capitals might be hypothetically generated. Stylistic analysis showed the process of order alteration: the recognizable morphological basis of the type was followed (though not strictly) in all specimens. At the same time, ancillary details might vary considerably from one capital to the other. This process implies gradual order decline moves from more complete and detailed to more laconic variations of the “medallion” type.

Еще

Medallion capitals, early-byzantine churches, holy land, marble imports, constantinople workshops, order morphology

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/14129217

IDR: 14129217   |   DOI: 10.53737/5092.2023.68.87.014

Список литературы Early byzantine “medallion” capitals in the Holy Land: their context, stylistic evolution, and geographical distribution

  • Bagatti, B. 1967. Gli scavi di Nazaret. Vol. 1. Dalle origini al secolo XII. Gerusalemme: Tipografia dei PP.
  • Francescani, 1967—1984 (Publications of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum 17). Bagatti, B. 2002. Ancient Christian Villages of Judaea and Negev. Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press.
  • (Publications of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum. Collectio minor 42). Bardill, J. 1999. The Golden Gates in Constantinople: A Triumphal Arch of Theodosius I. American Journal of Archaeology 103/4 (Oct.), 671—696.
  • Barkay, G., Shiler, E. 1999. Tabgha and its Churches. Ariel 139, 51—61 (in Hebrew).
  • Barsanti, C. 2017. Capitelli Corinzi del Tipo Cosiddetto 'a Medaglione' con Inserti Decorativi. In: Caprioli, F., Pensabene, P. (eds.). Decor. Decorazioni e architettura nel Mondo Romano. Atti del Convegno Internazionale, Roma 21—23 maggio 2014. Rome: Roma Edizioni Quasar, 391—400 (Thiasos monografie 9).
  • Ben-Dov, M. 1985. In the Shadow of the Temple: the Discovery of Ancient Jerusalem. Jerusalem; New York: Harper and Row.
  • Betsch, W.E. 1977. The History, Production, and Distribution of the Late Antique Capital in Constantinople. PhD Thesis. Philadelphia.
  • Cytryn-Silverman, K. 2016. Tiberias' Houses of Prayer in Context. In: Patrich, J., Peleg-Barqat, O., Ben-Yosef, E. (eds.). Arise, Walk Through the Land. Studies in the Archaeology and History of the Land of Israel in Memory of Yizhar Hirschfeld on the Tenth Anniversary of His Demise. Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society, 235—248.
  • Dalali-Amos, E. 2021. Chapter 9. Byzantine Architectural Elements from the Temple Platform in Marble and Other Materials. In: Holum, K.G. (ed.). Caesarea Maritima Excavations in the Old City 1989—2003 Conducted by the University of Maryland and the University of Haifa, Final Reports. Vol. 1. The Temple Platform (Area TP), Neighboring Quarters (Area TPS and Z), and the Inner Harbor Quays (Area I): Hellenistic Evidence, King Herod's Harbor Temple, Intermediate Occupation, and the Octagonal Harbor Church. Alexandria, VA: American Society of Overseas Research, 249—300 (Archaeological Reports 27). dig.corps-cmhl.huji.ac.il: 1: A Digital Corpus of Early Christian Churches and Monasteries in the Holy Land.
  • Available at: https://dig.corps-cmhl.huji.ac.il/ (accessed 15.07.2023). Figueras, P. 1995. Monks and Monasteries in the Negev Desert. Liber Annuus 45, 401—450.
  • Fischer, M. 2008. Sculpture in Roman Palestine and its Architectural and Social Milieu: Adaptability, Imitation, Originality? The Ascalon Basilica as an example. In: Eliav, Z.Y., Friedland, E.A., Herbert, S. (eds.). The Sculptural Environment of the Roman Near East; Reflections on Culture, Ideology, and Power. Leuven: Peeters Publ., 483—508.
  • Fischer, M., Tambakopoulos, D., Maniatis, Y. 2018. Recycling of Marble: Apollonia/Sozousa/Arsuf (Israel) as a Case Study. In: Poljak, D.M., Marasovic, K. (eds). ASMOSIA XI. Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone At Split, Croatia, 18—22 May 2015. Split: Arts Academy in Split University of Split and University of Split Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, 443—456.
  • Govrin, Y. 2015. The Settlement Pattern in the "Negev of Judah" in the Byzantine Era. PhD Thesis. Haifa. Gutfeld, O., Avigad, N., Geva, H. (eds). 2012. Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969—1982.
  • Vol. V. The Cardo (Area X) and the Nea Church (Areas D and T). Final Report. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society; Institute of Archaeology; Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Holum, K.G. 2004. The combined Caesarea Expeditions' Excavations: The Warehouse Quarter Alongside the Harbor and Temple Platform, Qadmoniot 37/128, 102—112 (in Hebrew).
  • Holum, K.G., Iamim, A. 2021. Chapter 8. The Octagonal Church: Excavated Evidence. In: Holum, K.G. (ed.). Caesarea Maritima Excavations in the Old City 1989—2003 Conducted by the University of Maryland and the University of Haifa, Final Reports. Vol. 1. The Temple Platform (Area TP), Neighboring Quarters (Area TPS and Z), and the Inner
  • Harbor Quays (Area I): Hellenistic Evidence, King Herod's Harbor Temple, Intermediate Occupation, and the Octagonal Harbor Church, ed. Alexandria, VA: American Society of Overseas Research, 197—248.
  • Huster, Y. 2015. Survey of Settlements Patterns by Periods. In: Huster, Y., Master, D., Press, M. (eds.). Ashkelon 5: The Land Behind Ashkelon (Final Reports of The Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbraus, 13—87.
  • Israeli, Y., Mevorah, D. (eds.). 2000. Cradle of Christianity. Jerusalem: Israel Museum.
  • Kautzsch, R. 1936. Kapitellstudien; Beiträge zu Einer Geschichte des spätantiken Kapitells im Osten vom Vierten bis ins Siebente Jahrhundert. Berlin: Berlin W. de Gruyter & Co. (Studien zur spätantiken Kunstgeschichte 9).
  • Magen, Y., Kagan, E.D. 2012. Christians and Christianity. Vol. I. Corpus of Christian Sites in Samaria and Northern Judea. Jerusalem: Staff Officer of Archaeology, Civil Administration for Judea and Samaria (Judea and Samaria Publications Israel Antiquities Authority 13).
  • Mazar, E. (ed.). 2003. The Temple Mount Excavations in Jerusalem 1968—9 Directed by Benjamin Mazar, Final Reports. Vol. II. The Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Qedem Reports 43).
  • Mercklin, E. von. 1962. Antike Figuralkapitelle. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Monnickendam-Givon, B., Chalaf, O., Sadiel, T., Chernin, M. 2021. The Urban Development West of Temple Mount/Al-Haram as Sharif: A View from the Western Wall Plaza Excavations. New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem and its Region 14, 231—247 (in Hebrew).
  • Niewöhner, P. 2021. Byzantine Ornaments in Stone Architectural Sculpture and Liturgical Furnishings. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter.
  • Oren, T. 2017. Apollonia-Arsuf Excavation Project site. Available at: http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/?page_id=4668 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  • Ovadiah, A. 1970. Corpus of the Byzantine Churches in the Holy Land. Bonn: P. Hanstein (Theophaneia 22).
  • Patrich, J., Backner, T., Burger, S., Tarkhanova, S. 2020. Churches of the Holy Land. A New Digital Corpus Introduction and Some Preliminary Results. In: Coniglio, A., Ricco, A. (eds.). Holy Land Archaeology on Either Side. Archaeological Essays in Honour of Eugenio Alliata, OFM. Milano: Franciscan, 11—31. (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum. Collectio Maior 57).
  • Pralong, A. 2000. Les chapiteaux. In: Duval, N., Marin, E. (eds.). Salona III: Manastirine. Établissement préromain, nécropole et basilique paléochrétienne à Salone. Rome; Split: École Française de Rome, 292—294 (Collection de l'École Française de Rome).
  • Ritter, M. 2017. Der umayyadische Palast des 8. Jahrhunderts in Hirbat al-Minya am See von Tiberias Bau und Baudekor. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert (Studien zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie 1).
  • Schlunk, H. 1937. Review of Kapitellstudien. Beiträge zu einer Geschichte des spätantiken Kapitells im Osten vom vierten bis ins siebente Jahrhundert, by Rudolf Kautzsch. Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte. Bd. 6. H. 5/6, 381—388.
  • Schneider, A. M. 1937. The Church of the Multiplying of the Loaves and Fishes. London: A.A. Gordon.
  • Segal, A. 1988. Architectural Decoration in Byzantine Shivta, Negev Desert, Israel. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (British Archaeological Reports British Series).
  • Shalev-Hurwitz, V. 2015. Holy Sites Encircled: The Early Byzantine Concentric Churches of Jerusalem. Oxford Studies in Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • synagogues.kinneret.ac.il: 1: Kur. Available at: https://synagogues.kinneret.ac.il/synagogues/kur/ (accessed 15.07.2023).
  • Tarkhanova, S. 2016. The architecture of the Late Antique Synagogues (3rd — 4th centuries CE) at the Territory of Northern Palestine: Typology, Compositions, Decoration. PhD Thesis. Moscow.
  • Tarkhanova, S. Architectural Elements of the Early Christian Churches and Monasteries in the Holy Land: A Typological and Stylistic Synthesis. Berlin: De Gruyter (in print).
  • Tzaferis, V., Stager, L.E. 2008. The Church by the Jerusalem Gate. In: Stager, L.E., Schloen, J.D., Master, D.M. (eds.). Ashkelon 1: Introduction and Overview (1985—2006). Winona Lake: Eisenbraus, 399—405.
  • Wilkinson, J. 1987. Column Capitals in Al-Haram Al-Sharif (From 138 A.D. to 1118 A.D.) (With Over 200 Photos and 36 Illustrations And 94 Diagrams). Jerusalem: Adm. of Wakfs and Islamic Affairs, Islamic Museum, al-Haram al-Sharif.
  • Zangenberg, J. 2013. Horbat Kur preliminary report 2011. Hadashot Arkheologiyot-Excavations and Surveys in Israel 125. Available at: http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2230&mag_id=120 (accessed 15.07.2023).
Еще
Статья научная
SciUp 2024 © 2024 ©