Employment potential of the Russian North

The main factor in any production – is population. Successful modernization of the coun--‐ try's economy is largely determined by quantitative and qualitative characteristics of human re--‐ sources for labor. Quantitative characteristics of the labor force in Russia is one of the best in the world and the country's history. According to the 2010 Census, 61.6% of the population belongs to the working age population [1], is the basis of the economically active population. However, the country has already approached the point where the quantitative parameters of labor resources will steadily deteriorate. If during the intercensal period 1989--‐2002, the proportion of working--‐age population increased from 57.0 in Russia to 61.3 % [ 2, 2004 ] , in 2002--‐2010, despite the ongoing influx of the migrants working population from the neighboring countries, it has remained virtually unchanged: 61 3% and 61.6%, respectively [1]. Against the background of increasing reduction of the total population of working age population during this period decreased from 89.0 million to 88.1 million.

Russian northern regions over the past two--‐plus decades of experience massive out--‐ migration, leading to a significant decrease of the total population as well as able--‐bodied troops. In the context of increased birth rates and increasing life expectancy, characteristic of the 2000s, the last intercensal period in these regions (except Yakutia and Nenets Autonomous District) was marked by a decrease in not only the absolute numbers, but also the proportion of people of working age. Thus, the problem of qualitative characteristics of the labor force in the North all sharp exit on the agenda. This article will be made quantitative and qualitative comparative as--‐ sessment of the labor potential of the northern regions of Russia and its dynamics in 2002--‐2010,. More detail will be the dynamics of the employment potential of the Republic of Komi republic and place it on the level of the development of the northern territories.

Methodology for assessing the employment potential

In general terms, the employment potential --‐ is the total public capacity to work, ie poten--‐ tial labor capacity of the society and its labor resources. Employment potential of the country and its regions --‐ is an appropriate human resources, viewed in terms of the unity of their qualitative and quantitative sides. We can say that this labor in qualitative terms [3, 1996, p. 40--‐41]. Quanti--‐ tative characteristics of the resources for labor may be estimated on the basis of census data, the current demographic statistics and sample surveys on employment, regularly held in the country since 1992 Qualitative characteristics of the labor potential has no single synthetic expression. De--‐ spite numerous studies, a common methodology for assessing the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the labor potential yet.

Thus, in the 1980s, the scientists of the St. Petersburg school of sociology worked out the concept of three--‐tier structure of the labor potential, including psychophysiological, production and qualification and personal potential [4, 1985]. A similar technique, considering psychophysical, social, educational and intellectual components of the labor potential offered in the Ivanovo State University [5, 2006]. On the concept of quality characteristics of population based methods, Insti--‐ tute for Socio--‐Economic Studies of Population [6, 2001, 7, 1993, 8, 2012] and Vologda Institute of Socio--‐economic development of the Russian Academy of Sciences [9, 2004, 10, 1998]. In Samara State Academy of Economics provides a methodology based on the use of expert estimates the potential employment of the population in different age groups (separately by gender), taking into account their size and activity rates [11, 2001].

In our opinion, the interregional comparisons of labor potential is the most convenient at the Bashkir State University developed a technique of system analysis and structure of labor po--‐ tential, based on the index method [12, 2007, 13, 2001]. As a basic indicators of the development of the labor potential in this method are considered: 1 ) the proportion of the working age popula--‐ tion in the total population , and 2) the level of education, training and retraining, skills and expe--‐ rience that enhance employee capacity , and 3) the level of wages , and 4) armament of the em--‐ ployee with the necessary means and instruments of labor 5) level employment, labor activity. For all five basic indicators for a single formula calculated partial indices :In = ( Kfakt. (n) --‐ Kmin (n)) / (Kmax (n) --‐ Kmin (n)), where Kfakt . (N), Kmin (n), Kmax (n) --‐ , respectively , the actual minimum and the maximum value of the component n the labor potential.

Integral index of the development of labor potential is a synthesis of the partial indices. It is calculated as the arithmetic mean of them. The values of all components of the index develop--‐ ment of labor potential, as well as the integral index, vary from "0" to "1". This range allows us to estimate the path traversed by the region towards achieving the highest possible level of the index under consideration.

This approach seems most correct because the index method allows us to reduce the dif--‐ ferent characteristics of the labor potential in a comparable form. We used the basic principles of this technique for the assessment of the labor potential of the northern regions of Russia in the 2000s, with some changes in the composition of its benchmarks, which were calculated partial in--‐ dices, as well as a slightly modified principle of choice in the index of maximum and minimum ba--‐ ses of comparison. As a baseline development of labor potential we have taken the length of working life in the region, the level of employment, the level of the professional education of the employed population, the capital--‐labor and gross regional product per capita. For these parame--‐ ters using the above formula were calculated partial indices.

1.    Expectancy index of working life

The calculation of this index is based on the index of life expectancy . According to ILO methodology adopted in the Russian sample surveys on employment, age limits economic activity of the population is 15--‐72 years. Accordingly, the minimum value of the length of the working life of 10 years: 25 years minimum life expectancy used in calculating the index of life expectancy, less 15 years to the bottom of the economic activity. Ie is the period of time during which work can a person living under the regime of mortality corresponding to the minimum life expectancy. The maximum value of the length of working life --‐ 57 years (72 years minus 15 years before economic activity). Actual value when the life expectancy in the region is less than 72 years would be equal to the actual life expectancy of the region minus 15 years. If life expectancy exceeds 72 years in the region, the actual value of an extended working life will be equal to its maximum value of 57 years --‐ in this case the value of the index reaches unity.

When calculating other indices as the maximum acceptable level indicator exceeding the absolute maximum corresponding figure for all regions of the country, observed in 1990--‐2000's, as a minimum --‐ a level below the worst figure by region.

2.    Index of employment

The employment rate (the proportion of employees in the population aged 15--‐72 years) --‐ is the most important measure of the conditions and the level of the development of labor poten--‐ tial. As the maximum possible employment to take those measures that have persisted in the most developed regions of the country in almost crisis--‐free development, when unemployment does not go beyond natural levels (4--‐5% of the economically active population). On the basis of the best employment levels recorded in 2010 in St. Petersburg (71.6% of the population aged 15--‐ 72 years) and in 2012 in Moscow (72.2%), in which the general unemployment levels were respec--‐ tively , 2.6% and 1.4% of the economically active population in the region, it would be logical for the maximum level of employment to take value not exceeding 80%. However, the absolute max--‐ imum level of employment, noted in 2006 in Chukotka (79.9% of the county's population aged 15--‐ 72 were employed in the economy with an overall unemployment rate of 3.7% of the economical--‐ ly active population), almost reaches this value. A similar pattern can occur in the future and in other northern regions of the country, which would limit the possibility of extending the time se--‐ ries index. Therefore, for a maximum level of employment, we took 85%. For a minimum --‐ a level below the worst employment rate observed in the 2000s, which was recorded in the Republic of

Ingushetia in 2006 (only 16.8% of the population aged 15--‐72 were employed in the economy). In our calculations, at least 15% of employment.

3.    Index level of vocational education of employed population

In calculating this index as the basis adopted quantitative data on the proportion of the employed population with higher, incomplete higher and secondary vocational education in the working population, derived from Census 2002 and 2010 and sample surveys on employment. According to the 2002 census, the maximum proportion of the employed population with a high level of the professional education was in Moscow (60.3 % ), the lowest --‐ in the Chechen Republic (21.7%). Ac--‐ cording to sample surveys of employment, to a maximum percentage of the intercensal period was also evaluated Moscow (79.1% in 2008), minimum --‐ Ust--‐ Orda Buryat Autonomous Region (29.2% in 2003). Census in 2010 the largest share of the employed population with higher, incom--‐ plete higher and secondary vocational education was recorded in St. Petersburg (85.7%), the low--‐ est --‐ in the Chechen Republic (56.5%). From these figures, for the maximum value of the index, we took 90%, with the minimum --‐ 20%.

4.    Index intensity of labour

In statistics, the capital--‐labor ratio is determined by the cost of operating funds to the working population. Copyright adopted by us as a basis for the methodology G.V. Yakshibaeva [12, 2007, 13, 2001] as the maximum and minimum values of the cross--‐country use of capital--‐ indicators. Maximum – is the figure most industrialized countries, at least --‐ the zero level corre--‐ sponding to the conditions of manual labor. For the minimum value, we also take the zero level. And as the maximum, as we face the challenge of inter--‐regional comparisons of the labor potential of Russian regions, we take a value higher than the best in the Russian regions outside the capital--‐ recorded in the 2000s. In general, over the entire period considered leading place in the capital--‐ preserved in the Yamal--‐Nenets Autonomous District. The maximum value was observed here in 2010--‐15350.0 mln./ Thousand. Therefore, for the maximum intensity of labor, we took 20,000 mln./Thousand.

5.    Index of gross regional product (GRP) per capita

This index characterizes the conditions and standards of living, the material basis of the re--‐ production of the labor force, total employment potential of the region. Copyright applied our technique offers as the maximum and minimum values of GDP per capita to take used in calculat--‐ ing the human development index fixed maximum value of gross domestic product, equal to $ 40,000 (purchasing power parity), and a minimum of 100 dollars [12, 2007, 13, 2001]. As we took the maximum score value higher than the highest value to the regions GDP per capita recorded in the 2000s. As a minimum --‐ an amount less than the worst value of GDP per capita for 1990--‐2000--‐ ies. The highest value of this index was in 2010 in the Nenets Autonomous District (3,461,997.6 rubles.), The lowest --‐ in 1998 in the Republic of Ingushetia (3428.9 rubles.). Accordingly, in our cal--‐ culations for the maximum GDP per capita we take 3500000 rubles., For a minimum --‐ 3000 rubles.

The proposed method of calculating the index of the development of labor potential is uni--‐ versal. It can be used to analyze the dynamics of the labor potential of the regions, a comparative analysis of the labor potential between the federation, between urban and rural areas. However, widespread use is limited by its lack of adequate information. Specific information difficult to cal--‐ culate and use this indicator are available at the grassroots administrative level: the inter--‐ territorial comparisons within regions of the country.

Table. 1 shows the dynamics of the integral index of the development of labor potential (IRTP) of the Russian Federation and its northern regions (subjects of the federation, the territory of which relate entirely to the Far North and similar areas) during the intercensal period 2002--‐ 2010. Census population – is one of the most important sources of information about the popula--‐ tion. It only provides the maximum reliability of the information about the population and, in par--‐ ticular, the most accurate method to assess the level of employment and vocational training of the employed population. Therefore, the calculation of the corresponding partial indices IRTP work carried out censuses of 2002 and 2010. At the same time due to the long duration of the intercen--‐ sal period included an interim analysis in 2006, which calculate these indices based on the results of sample surveys on employment.

Table 1

Dynamics of the integral index of the development of labour potential in the northern regions of Russia in 2002--‐2010 гг.2

The index value                          Groth rates, %

Regions	2002 г.	2006 г.	2010 г.	2002--‐2006	2002--‐2010
Russian Federation	0,423	0,419	0,501	--‐0,9	18,4
Nenetskiy AO	0,444	0,490	0,757	10,4	70,5
Yamalo--‐Nenetskiy АО	0,567	0,588	0,723	3,7	27,5
Xanti--‐Mansiiskiy АО	0,499	0,539	0,648	8,0	29,9
Sahalinskiy Region	0,410	0,418	0,543	2,0	32,4
Murmansk region	0,436	0,427	0,520	--‐2,1	19,3
Chukotskiy АО	0,432	0,438	0,517	1,4	19,7
Magadan region	0,433	0,467	0,515	7,9	18,9
Komi Republic	0,419	0,410	0,510	--‐2,1	21,7

2 Здесь и далее в таблицах регионы ранжированы по убыванию величины ИРТП в 2010 г. Рассчитано на основе данных Росстата: 14, 15, 16, 17

Kamchatskiy region	0,443	0,431	0,508	--‐2,7	14,7
Sakha Republic (Yakutia)	0,442	0,407	0,495	--‐7,9	12,0
Arkhangelsk region	0,414	0,396	0,490	--‐4,3	18,4
Karelia Republic	0,408	0,421	0,476	3,2	16,7
Tiva Republic	0,354	0,304	0,387	--‐14,1	9,3

In general, for years 2002--‐2010, integral index of the development of labor potential in Russia increased by 18.4 % (from 0,423 to 0,501). Ie in the first decade of the XXI century , in terms of economic growth, the employment potential of the country is characterized by a positive trend. However, it should be noted that in the first half of the period under dynamic IRTP was a slight disadvantage. At the same time reducing its value in 2002--‐2006 was quite small, only based on the reduction of the index of the vocational education of the employed population, and the sub--‐ sequent growth --‐ much more substantial.

For everyone without exception northern territories of Russia during 2002--‐2010 years also characterized by an increase of the integral index of the development of labor potential. Thus in most of these areas (except the Republic of Komi, Sakha and Tuva, Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions of Kamchatka) the rise of the IRTP seated in 2002--‐2006.

The most significant development of the integral index of labor potential increased during 2002--‐2010 years in the Nenets Autonomous District (70.5%). As a result, Nenets Autonomous Dis--‐ trict in the Northern regions of the ordered series largest IRTP moved from the third position to the first, surpassing the 2nd and 3rd place of the Yamal--‐Nenets and Khanty--‐Mansi Autonomous Okrug, which are also characterized by relatively high growth rates IRTP 2002 --‐ 2010. (respectively 27.5 and 29.9%). From the 11th to the 4th moved Sakhalin region in which the value of the inte--‐ gral index increased by almost a third ( 32.4% ), mainly in the second half of the intercensal period. Higher than in Russia as a whole, the growth rate also IRTP in the Komi Republic (21.7%) , Chukot--‐ ka Autonomous District (19.7%), Murmansk (19.3%) and Magadan (18.9% ) regions. As a result of the Murmansk region in the northern regions of the ordered series in 2010 took 5th place, having moved from the 6th position, Chukotka Autonomous up from 8th place to 6th, Magadan region has kept the 7th position, Komi Republic --‐ climbed from 9th place on the 8th.

In the Arkhangelsk region IRTP increase for 2002--‐2010 years corresponds to average level. In the northern territories of the ordered series area is a bit passed the position: dropped from 10th to 11th place. Karelia, Kamchatka Region, the Republic of Sakha and Tuva characterized by a growth rate of the integral index of the development of labor potential below the national aver--‐ age( respectively, 16.7 %, 14.7 , 12.0% and 9.3%), which contribute to or significant deterioration in the last intercensal period, their place among the northern regions, or conservation positions outsiders. Kamchatka Oblast and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) fell in 2002--‐2010 , 3 --‐4--‐ th to the 9--‐10th . Karelia and Tuva retained the last of the northern regions of space.

Thus, in the most northern areas of Russia the growth rate of the integral index of the de--‐ velopment of labor potential in 2002--‐2010, higher than in the whole country. While in 2002 and 2006, IRTP value was above the national average in eight northern regions of 13, in 2010 --‐ in nine. In the group of the regions with high value IRTP except Yamal--‐Nenets, Khanty--‐Mansi, Nenets and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Kamchatka, Magadan and Murmansk regions, which in 2002 ex--‐ ceeded IRTP the Russian average, during the last intercensal period included Sakhalin region and the Komi Republic. At the same time, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) has data from 2006 fell into the group of areas with the level of the development of labor potential below the national aver--‐ age, which of the northern regions are traditionally Arkhangelsk region, Karelia and Tuva.

Komi Republic, part of the period 2002--‐2010 in the top five of the northern territories by growth rates of the integral index of the development of labor potential, as already noted, several improved its position in the ordered series of the northern regions. She moved from 9th place on the 8th, surpassing the Kamchatka region and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), but skipping ahead of the Sakhalin region, which is characterized by the second after the Nenets Autonomous growth rate IRTP. In 2002 and 2006, Komi characterized IRTP magnitude lower than in the general popula--‐ tion, according to the 2010 level of the development of labor potential in the country exceeds the national average .

Consider the extent to which this or that particular index and provides a level of the posi--‐ tive dynamics of the integral index of the development of labor potential.

The largest contribution to the overall level of the index makes IRTP trudvoy duration of life, the value of which in Russia in general is close to unity, and in some regions ( Moscow, St. Pe--‐ tersburg, most regions of the North Caucasus Federal District) has reached unity. Over the years 2002--‐2010, this index increased from 0.847 to 0.944 ( 11.5% ) (Table 2), which is logical in the con--‐ text of increased life expectancy, which is observed consistently in the country since 2004, the pe--‐ riod from 2002 to 2010 Russian life expectancy has increased from 64.95 to 68.94 years [17].

In most of the northern regions, life expectancy of the population are traditionally lower than the national average. Accordingly, below them and nationwide index value of longer working lives. The only exceptions are the Khanty--‐Mansi and Yamal--‐Nenets Autonomous District, increased life expectancy which are largely due to the low mortality among men of working age from endog--‐ enous causes due to their significant contribution to the rotation and low mortality rates of older citizens, that is, essentially, "export of death" in the southern regions.

Table 2

Dynamics of working life expectancy of the index population in the Northern region of Russia in 2002--‐2010.

Regions	Index			Groth rates, %
	2002	2006	2010	2002--‐2006	2002--‐2010
Russian Federation	0,847	0,885	0,944	4,5	11,5
Nenetskiy AO	0,940	0,933	0,970	--‐0,7	3,2
Yamalo--‐Nenetskiy АО	0,964	0,933	0,960	--‐3,2	--‐0,4
Xanti--‐Mansiiskiy АО	0,863	0,855	0,929	--‐0,9	7,6
Sahalinskiy Region	0,814	0,847	0,922	4,1	13,3
Murmansk region	0,817	0,834	0,902	2,1	10,4
Chukotskiy АО	0,847	0,863	0,898	1,9	6,0
Magadan region	0,791	0,826	0,897	4,4	13,4
Komi Republic	0,843	0,855	0,877	1,4	4,0
Kamchatskiy region	0,838	0,791	0,869	--‐5,6	3,7
Sakha Republic (Yakutia)	0,791	0,817	0,862	3,3	9,0
Arkhangelsk region	0,805	0,804	0,857	--‐0,1	6,5
Karelia Republic	0,639	0,711	0,764	11,3	19,6
Tiva Republic	0,702	0,722	0,735	2,8	4,7

However, in the period 2002--‐2010,Khanty--‐Mansi Autonomous District was slight increase in the index of longer working lives of the population, and in the Yamal--‐Nenets Autonomous even decline despite the fact that reserves of its growth in these regions still exist. Most significantly, this index rose in the Republic of Tyva (19.6%), the Republic of Karelia (13.4%) and the Arkhan--‐ gelsk region (13.3%), which contributed to some improvement in rank positions of these regions largest index of longer working lives. Tuva left the last place, "losing" his Chukotka, Karelia has ris--‐ en from 10--‐11th places on the 7th, the Arkhangelsk region --‐ from the 8th to 4th. In the rest of the northern regions of the growth rate of the index below the national average. Including in the Kom Republic, which, however, also the rank somewhat improved its position by moving in 2002--‐2010, 7th to 5th.

Average for all northern territories index value of longer working lives of 0,880. As in the whole country, in the northern regions of this index makes the greatest contribution to the overall level of IRTP. However, its growth reserves in the North remain high, particularly in the Republic of Tuva and Chukotka region, life expectancy of the population which is still very far even from the upper boundary of the economic activity.

Employment index increased in Russia in 2002--‐2010 years, by 6.4 %, from 0.640 to 0.681 (Table 3). This is a consequence of the continued growth of the employment rate, which for the 2002--‐2010 years, grew up in the country with 59.8% of the total employed population aged 15--‐72 years [13] to 62.7% [15]. Regions with a young age structure of the population is usually character--‐ ized by a high percentage of employees in the population 15--‐72 years. Accordingly, in most north--‐ ern areas of employment index is above average in Russia. Traditionally only exception is the Re--‐ public of Tuva, for the younger age structure of the population which is characterized by a low proportion of people of working age : below the national average.[1]

The most significant increase in the Employment Cost Index for the period 2002--‐2010, characteristic of the Sakhalin region, and only through the first half of the period under review. As a result, the area was among the regions with an index of employment above the national aver--‐ age, four points improving its position among the rank of the northern regions. Climbed two posi--‐ tions Kamchatka and Murmansk Oblast and the Komi Republic, one --‐ Magadan region and Khanty--‐

Mansiysk.

Table3

Dynamics of employment index of the population in the Northern region in 2002--‐2010

Index                            Groth rates, %

Regions	2002	2006	2010	2002--‐2006	2002--‐2010
Russian Federation	0,640	0,663	0,681	3,6	6,4
Nenetskiy AO	0,874	0,927	0,877	6,1	0,3
Yamalo--‐Nenetskiy АО	0,753	0,746	0,824	--‐0,9	9,4
Xanti--‐Mansiiskiy АО	0,856	0,807	0,806	--‐5,7	--‐5,8
Sahalinskiy Region	0,723	0,751	0,777	3,9	7,5
Murmansk region	0,709	0,747	0,761	5,4	7,3
Chukotskiy АО	0,684	0,707	0,747	3,4	9,2
Magadan region	0,710	0,794	0,739	11,8	4,1
Komi Republic	0,637	0,753	0,704	18,2	10,5
Kamchatskiy region	0,647	0,650	0,700	0,5	8,2
Sakha Republic (Yakutia)	0,681	0,709	0,680	4,1	--‐0,1
Arkhangelsk region	0,726	0,683	0,673	--‐5,9	--‐7,3
Karelia Republic	0,670	0,730	0,670	9,0	0,0
Tiva Republic	0,487	0,451	0,427	--‐7,4	--‐12,3

At the same time in a number of the northern regions in the 2002--‐2010 years, decreased employment index. In the Republic of Tyva, and so have the lowest level of the northern territories of the Employment Cost Index, it fell by another 12.3%. At 7.3%, the index decreased in Yakutia, 5.8% in the Yamal--‐Nenets Autonomous District. In the Arkhangelsk region, Karelia and the Chukot--‐ ka Autonomous employment index in the last intercensal period remained virtually unchanged. In the Nenets Autonomous growth rate of the index is also below the national average. However, it should be noted that in 2002--‐2006, these four regions, as well as the Sakhalin region, character--‐ ized by a very marked increase in the Employment Cost Index. But after reaching a maximum in 2006 the level of employment in all of them it was a decrease [16]. In general, the Russian 2000s are characterized by fairly stable positive dynamics of employment: a marked reduction in its level occurred only in 2009, after the unfolding global financial crisis. As a result, the number of the northern territories, characterized by employment index below the national average for 2002--‐ 2010 years increased from two (Tuva and the Sakhalin region) to four (Tuva and Sakha Karelia and Arkhangelsk Oblast).

However, the average for all northern regions of the employment index in 2010 (0,722) is still higher than in Russia as a whole (0,681). Russian level above the index of employment and in the Komi Republic (0,700), where for 2002--‐2010. it increased by 8.2%. This, as already noted, has allowed the country to rise from 11th rank among the northern regions position on this index on the 9th.

In 2002, the index of employment in Russia was the second largest contribution to the overall index level of the development of labor potential. However, five of our special indexes IRTP employment index is characterized in the 2000s, the lowest growth rate: for 2002--‐2010. it in--‐ creased by only 6.4%. As a result, by 2010 the level of contribution to the integral index, moved to the third position, behind second index level vocational education of the employed population, who in 2002--‐2010. Russia increased by 24.3 %, from 0.593 to 0.737 (Table 4). Note first that the dynamics of this index for 2002--‐2006 will not be considered. From Table 4, it is obvious that data on the level of education of the employed population, obtained from different sources of infor--‐ mation were not comparable: sample surveys on employment greatly underestimated the level of the professional education of employees.

Table 4

Dynamics of the index level of the vakational education of the employed people in the northern regions of Russia in 2002--‐2010

Index                           Groth rates, %

Regions	2002	2006	2010	2002--‐2006	2002--‐2010
Russian Federation	0,593	0,467	0,737	--‐21,2	24,3
Nenetskiy AO	0,650	0,551	0,791	--‐15,2	21,7
Yamalo--‐Nenetskiy АО	0,656	0,513	0,776	--‐21,8	18,3
Xanti--‐Mansiiskiy АО	0,629	0,510	0,769	--‐18,9	22,3
Sahalinskiy Region	0,563	0,431	0,736	--‐23,4	30,7
Murmansk region	0,580	0,376	0,711	--‐35,2	22,6
Chukotskiy АО	0,570	0,423	0,703	--‐25,8	23,3
Magadan region	0,554	0,664	0,702	19,9	26,7
Komi Republic	0,541	0,479	0,700	--‐11,5	29,4
Kamchatskiy region	0,631	0,336	0,697	--‐46,8	10,5
Sakha Republic (Yakutia)	0,560	0,391	0,681	--‐30,2	21,6
Arkhangelsk region	0,511	0,276	0,681	--‐46,0	33,3
Karelia Republic	0,531	0,334	0,679	--‐37,1	27,9
Tiva Republic	0,507	0,420	0,630	--‐17,2	24,3

On average in the northern regions of the index level of the professional education of the employed population in 2010 was 0,712. Ie for her role in the overall level IRTP in the North it is still in third place after the indices of longer working lives (average 0.880) and employment (0,720). And it is still lower than the national average (0,737).

Only for the Yamal--‐Nenets and Khanty--‐Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Kamchatka region is characterized by stable employment levels higher vocational education nationwide and, accord--‐ ingly, increased values of education index, 2002 census a high level of professional education of the employed population was also noted in Tuva: 64.2% of employees had higher, incomplete higher or specialized secondary education. But in 2002--‐2010, here had the lowest among the northern areas the growth rate of the index of education, resulting in significantly worsened their republic the rank position, dropping the third place on the 9th .

In most of the northern regions below the national average, not only the level of the index of the vocational education of the employed population, but growth rates over 2002--‐2010. Only in the Nenets Autonomous District, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk and Magadan regions and Karelia in--‐ crease in the index of education during the period were significantly nationwide level and in Chu--‐ kotka --‐ on average. Nevertheles, Chukchi and Nenets Autonomous District, the Arkhangelsk region is still short list of the northern territories of the largest index. At the same time on the Murmansk region improved its three positions in the ordered series of the northern territories, rising for the 2002--‐2010 years. from 7th to 4th place. Magadan Oblast and Karelia climbed two positions: the 9th and 10th places on the 7th and 8th.

Despite the growth rate of the index of the vocational training of employed population be--‐ low the national average, the Komi Republic in its level maintained its 6th place in the North. It should be noted that among the regions of the North --‐West Federal District, which includes the Republic for 2002--‐2010 years, deteriorated rank position Komi largest index. She dropped from 4th place in 2002 at the 5 --‐6--‐ 7th place in 2010 Obviously , maintaining the position of the republic in a number of northern regions due to the fact that most of them are experiencing similar prob--‐ lems with Komi reproduction professionally trained personnel.

Contribution of the other two private indices: the capital--‐labor index and GDP per capita --‐ in the level of the integral index of development of labor potential of the Russian Federation as a whole and in most regions of the country is extremely insignificant, since these indices have been used very high maximum values of the benchmarks actually observed in Yamal--‐Nenets and Nenets Autonomous District. At the same time, the values of these indices, reflecting the economic growth of the 2000s, in all regions increased significantly.

Index increased intensity of labor in Russia in 2002--‐2010 years almost 3.5 times (Table 5). In the Nenets Autonomous occurred more than a tenfold increase in this index in the Sakhalin area index increased by more than 8 times. This significant increase is due to an increase in investment in fixed assets of the basic industries in these regions with the beginning of active development in these regions of new hydrocarbon deposits. As a result, Nenets Autonomous moved from the third position of the Northern Territories largest index of intensity of labor in the second, surpas--‐ sing the Khanty--‐Mansi Autonomous Area and Sakhalin region climbed from 9th place to 4th, sur--‐ passing among other northern regions and the Republic of Komi, which for years 2002--‐2010, dropped from 4th to 5th place. Significantly improved its position in the ordered series of the northern regions also Chukotka AO, with an almost fivefold increase in the capital--‐ index rising for years 2002--‐2010, from 10th to 6th place --‐ mainly in the second half of the period under review .

In the first place on the index capital--‐labor (as among the northern regions and the country as a whole) is consistently the Yamal--‐Nenets autonomous region with the value of the index is al--‐ most 10 times higher than the Russian average level. Traditional outsider dery of the northern ter--‐ ritories --‐ Karelia, Kamchatka region and Tuva. These regions in the period 2002--‐2010,. character--‐ ized by the growth rate of the capital--‐index below the national average. Noticeably lost their posi--‐ tions during this time as Yakutia and Magadan region, which fell to 5 --‐6th places among northern regions on 9--‐10th places.

Table 5

The dynamics of the capital--‐labor index in the northern region of Russia in в 2002--‐2010 гг.

Regions	Indexs			Groth rates, %
	2002	2006	2010	2002--‐2006	2002--‐2010
Russian Federation	0,020	0,035	0,069	75,0	245,0
Nenetskiy AO	0,217	0,350	0,639	61,3	194,5
Yamalo--‐Nenetskiy АО	0,049	0,130	0,507	165,3	934,7
Xanti--‐Mansiiskiy АО	0,091	0,190	0,356	108,8	291,2
Sahalinskiy Region	0,023	0,050	0,189	117,4	721,7
Murmansk region	0,038	0,077	0,133	102,6	250,0
Chukotskiy АО	0,022	0,036	0,106	63,6	381,8
Magadan region	0,025	0,046	0,092	84,0	268,0
Komi Republic	0,026	0,044	0,088	69,2	238,5
Kamchatskiy region	0,031	0,053	0,081	71,0	161,3
Sakha Republic (Yakutia)	0,031	0,053	0,081	71,0	161,3
Arkhangelsk region	0,020	0,035	0,058	75,0	190,0
Karelia Republic	0,019	0,031	0,051	63,2	168,4
Tiva Republic	0,008	0,011	0,018	37,5	125,0

More significantly: 4.6 times --‐ increased in Russia during the last intercensal period, the in--‐ dex of GRP (GDP) per capita (Table 6), which characterizes the material basis for the reproduction of labor resources. Its magnitude in the whole country with the very high comparison base maxi--‐ mum (3.5 million rubles. Per person, based on actual recorded in 2010 in the Nenets Autonomous GRP per capita 3,461,997.6 rubles). Still very small: 0,074. But if in 2002 the partial indices of IRTP index GRP (GDP) per capita was in last place in the role in the overall level of the integral index, in 2006 and 2010. its contribution to the index exceeded the intensity of labor contribution.

In Sakhalin Oblast index GDP per capita increased over the years 2002--‐2010 . almost 12 times in the Nenets Autonomous District --‐ 9 times that , as already mentioned, due to the fact that these regions have started to give economic benefits previously explored , but first canned hydro--‐ carbon deposits . As a result of the Sakhalin region in the northern regions of the ordered series the value of this index has risen from 7th place on the 4th and Nenets Autonomous pressed Yamal--‐Nenets autonomous from the first place . Almost all regions of the North index value of GRP per capita than the national average level. The only exception is the Republic of Karelia and Tuva.

Table 6

Index of dynamics VRP (VVP) per capita of the population In the northern regions of Russia in 2002--‐2010.

Regions	Index			groth rates, %
	2002	2006	2010	2002--‐2006	2002--‐2010
Russian Federation	0,016	0,044	0,074	175,0	362,5
Nenetskiy AO	0,113	0,458	0,989	305,3	775,2
Yamalo--‐Nenetskiy АО	0,147	0,300	0,420	104,1	185,7
Xanti--‐Mansiiskiy АО	0,110	0,309	0,369	180,9	235,5
Sahalinskiy Region	0,024	0,091	0,282	279,2	1075,0
Murmansk region	0,053	0,084	0,236	58,5	345,3
Chukotskiy АО	0,034	0,061	0,114	79,4	235,3
Magadan region	0,023	0,065	0,110	182,6	378,3
Komi Republic	0,034	0,052	0,105	52,9	208,8
Kamchatskiy region	0,020	0,047	0,089	135,0	345,0
Sakha Republic (Yakutia)	0,021	0,054	0,083	157,1	295,2
Arkhangelsk region	0,017	0,048	0,082	182,4	382,4
Karelia Republic	0,016	0,035	0,056	118,8	250,0
Tiva Republic	0,006	0,013	0,028	116,7	366,7

In the three northern regions leading resource traditionally includes Nenets, Yamal--‐Nenets and Khanty--‐Mansi Autonomous District, the three regions of outsiders --‐ Arkhangelsk Oblast, Kare--‐ lia and Tuva. Therefore encouraging to note that in the Arkhangelsk region and the Republic of Tuva in 2002--‐2010, growth rate of the index of GRP per capita is higher than in the whole country. In the Komi Republic of the index growth rate also exceeds the national average. On the back--‐ ground of low growth rates in the most of the northern territories Komi several improved its posi--‐ tion the rank, up from 8th to 7th place.

Conclusion

Thus, the positive dynamics of the integral index of the development of labor potential of the northern regions of Russia in the period 2002--‐2010, As in the whole country, the speaker pro--‐ vides virtually all five partial indices. An exception is the decrease in the index of employment in Tuva, Yakutia and the Yamal--‐Nenets Autonomous District and zero dynamics of this index in the Arkhangelsk region, Karelia and Chukotka region.

The most important role in the overall level IRTP as in Russia as a whole and in its northern territories, play close to the maximum index of longer working lives in the whole country in 2010, it is 0,944), the index of the level of professional education of employees (0,737) and the index of employment (0,681). However, the most significant contribution to the positive dynamics IRTP of the economic growth 2002--‐2010 make indexes GRP per capita and intensity of labor has increased over the intercensal period at times (in the whole of Russia, respectively, 4.6 and 3.5 times).

Indexes of longer working lives and the level of the professional education of the em--‐ ployed population in the average for all northern regions (respectively, 0.880 and 0.712) lower than in the Russian Federation. Indexes of employment, GDP per capita and the capital--‐labor (re--‐ spectively, 0.722, 0.228 and 0.185) --‐ the North higher on average. At the same time, the index of employment in 2002--‐2010, is characterized. the lowest growth rate. At the same time in a number of the northern regions was recorded negative or zero dynamics of this index. This is largely due to the global financial crisis, when many companies were forced to conduct a policy of downsizing due to the difficult economic situation. Index of GDP per capita on average in the North increased by 4.8 times, the index of capital--‐labor --‐ 3 times. Especially significant increase of these indices oc--‐ curred in regions that are the 2000s were characterized by high investment activity in connection with the growth of investment demand in the oil and gas industry ( especially in the Sakhalin Re--‐ gion and Nenets Autonomous District ). In 2010, the index of GDP per capita in the Nenets Auton--‐ omous 13.4 times higher than the national average . Index intensity of labor in the Yamal--‐Nenets Autonomous Area --‐ 9.3 times. In 2002, eight of the thirteen regions of the North had the integral index of development of labor potential above the level of the national average. In 2010 their number increased to 9.

Komi Republic for 2002--‐2010 years,somewhat improved its position in a ranking --‐ Wann se--‐ ries northern regions largest IRTP, up from 9th position in the 8th and hitting one of the regions with the value IRTP above the national average. This was primarily due to the growth index of GRP per capita, which increased to 4.8 times the Komi. In the northern regions of the ordered series on this index Republic rose from 9th to 8th position. Greater than in the whole country, in the Kom increased employment index --‐ the northern regions of the Republic has risen from 11th to 9th place. Index intensity of labor also increased sharply than in Russia as a whole, but the rank posi--‐ tion of the northern regions of the republic on the index somewhat deteriorated --‐ due to a signifi--‐ cant leap forward Sakhalin Oblast. According to the index of longer working lives has improved the position of the Republic of Komi (transition from 7th to 5th place). However, based on this, above all, are the lowest growth rate of the index in the Nenets Autonomous District, Kamchatka Oblast and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), due to lack of increase in the 2000s, life expectancy regions characterized by significant levels of mortality from external causes. Growth rate of the index of longer working lives, as well as an index level of the professional education of the employed popu--‐ lation, in 2002--‐2010,. Komi Republic is lower than in Russia as a whole.

In 2010, the index of employment, GDP per capita and intensity of labor in the Komi Re--‐ public is higher than in Russia as a whole, but lower than the average in the North. Index of longer working lives of the population --‐ above average in the northern regions, but lower than in the country. At the same time, the index level of the professional education of the employed popula--‐ tion in the Komi as below average and the average for the northern territories. This is mainly due to the transition of the Republic back in the 1990s to "self--‐qualified personnel," the aging of the previously prepared in metropolitan universities of professional staff, they reach retirement age and the phasing out of work, and with considerable scale out--‐migration of young people, was edu--‐ cated in the country, in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Thus, the potential for further growth of the labor potential of the Komi Republic is largely determined by the modernization of the vocational education system, bringing the structure of training in line with the needs of the regional econo--‐ my, improving the system of training, retraining and advanced training, the validation of qualified personnel in the region, which is based on availability enough jobs with attractive working condi--‐ tions and decent wages.