Factory legislation in Russia and the mechanisms of its realization. 1882-1914

Introduction. The article presents the analysis of Russian factory legislation of the late XIX - early XX centuries and the study of the mechanisms for its realization. During the economic and political transformation of Russia, the realities of which became more tangible in the late XIX - early XX centuries, the government initiated the reform of the factory legislation, which for thirty years, from 1882 to 1912 made a well-known path in its development in the direction of the program of reforms 1860-70-ies. For the successful application of factory laws in practice it was necessary to create the effective mechanisms for their realization. The purpose of the article is to review and analyze the mechanisms of implementation of the published legal provisions reflected in the Russian factory legislation, which made up the era of reforms in the sphere of labor law of pre-revolutionary Russia. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the modernization paradigm, institutional and systemic approaches, which allow considering the mechanisms of realization of the factory legislation as one of the most important factors of the autocracy’s policy on the working issue and state regulation of labor and capital relations at the stage of Russia’s transition from the traditional agrarian society to the modern industrial one. To achieve this goal, a wide range of General scientific (analytical analysis of the literature on the problem under consideration, comparative analysis, generalization, comparison) and specially historical (historical and legal analysis, historical and typological, historical and genetic) methods were used. The study was conducted on the basis of the principles of historicism, objectivity, complexity and consistency. Results. Based on the analysis of the Russian factory legislation of the late XIX - early XX centuries a study of the mechanisms of realization of the published statutes was made. Mainly on the basis of legislative sources, institutional changes and the functional activities of public institutions implementing factory laws were examined. The publication identifies the main mechanisms for the implementation of factory legislation, assesses the work of their most important links. The author of the article makes an attempt to recreate the practice of the authorities to implement the adopted legal norms, to determine the role of government policy in regulating the relations of workers and entrepreneurs in industrial Russia. Discussion and Conclusions. The role of the state in the reform of factory legislation in Russia has traditionally been significant. As a result of the adoption of a set of laws regulating the relationship of hired workers and entrepreneurs in the field of large-scale industrial production in the face of ministries and departments, provincial offices and factory inspectors, an effective mechanisms for the realization of factory laws at all levels was created. The transformations that were part of the objective process of modernization of Russian society took place in the course of social reforms that covered the whole of Europe in the last two decades of the XIX century. However, the functioning of the mechanisms depended on the entire autocratic state system with its limitations in this area of legislation.