Philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of revolutionary terrorism in the early twentieth century

The impact of terrorism on Russian society in the early 20th century was unparalleled and was a reaction to the oppressive policies of the government. Modern terrorism has been acknowledged as a global issue with deep roots. However, there are varying attitudes towards past and present militants, resulting in one-sided assessments of their actions. In addressing this problem, it is crucial to not only focus on law enforcement measures aimed at apprehending and punishing individual criminals, but also to identify the underlying factors that led to the emergence of terrorism. This article aims to analyze the nature of terrorism through the lens of social needs and psychological characteristics of terrorists within the context of revolutionary terrorist activities in Russia from 1902 to 1911, drawing on the philosophies of violence by Friedrich Nietzsche and Michel Foucault. The research utilized comparative analysis, idiographic methods, and anthropological approaches. The study concludes that revolutionary terrorist ideology arises from societal instability, where new paths of development emerge that reject previous norms, embody individual will to power, advocate for victims of the former system, foster collective solidarity, and exhibit a maximalist worldview.