Formal-logical and historical approaches as paradigms of philosophical-scientific discourse

The starting point of the review is the hypothesis of a contradiction between logical and evolutionary (historical) approaches to the phenomenon of science, according to which the changing nature of philosophical-scientific research represents a methodological shift from an ideal-logical to a historical approach towards the consideration of science. The article deliberately emphasizes the idealistic nature of classical science. The idealism of the classical image of science leaves its imprint not only on the ideas about the relationship between knowledge and reality (which is the implicit content of scientific knowledge at the early stages of its development), but also on the ideas about science itself as a form of cognitive activity. It is also examined through the prism of the division of cognition into one that is adequate to reality and one that contains grounds for distorting its structure at the cognitive level. In other words, classical conceptions of science are characterized by an orientation towards the 'ideal of scientism', which determines the orientation of philosophical-scientific discourse towards developing the theoretical and methodological foundations of scientific cognition.